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=Definition= | =Definition= | ||
Apoptosis is a form of genetically programmed cell death that occurs in a multicellular organism. As opposed to other types of cell death, e.g. necrosis, apoptosis is not only a key element in embryonic development, but is also crucial for the functioning of the adult organism, and maintaining homeostasis. The role of apoptosis, however, is not limited to regulating cell populations in tissues; it can also be a defence mechanism triggered by selected pathogens or harmful physical and chemical agents. In such cases, the difference between necrosis and apoptosis may lie either in the type or intensity of the stimulus, or in the specific signalling pathway triggered in response. The visible signs of apoptosis include shrinking of cells, irreversible condensation of chromatin, degradation of cytoskeleton and nuclear membrane, and eventually the formation of apoptotic bodies – fragments of the nucleus and other organelles encapsulated within fragments of the cell membrane – which are then phagocytosed by macrophages. | Apoptosis is a form of genetically programmed cell death that occurs in a multicellular organism. As opposed to other types of cell death, e.g. necrosis, apoptosis is not only a key element in embryonic development, but is also crucial for the functioning of the adult organism, and maintaining tissue [[homeostaza/en|homeostasis]]. The role of apoptosis, however, is not limited to regulating cell populations in tissues; it can also be a defence mechanism triggered by selected pathogens or harmful physical and chemical agents. In such cases, the difference between necrosis and apoptosis may lie either in the type or intensity of the stimulus, or in the specific signalling pathway triggered in response. The visible signs of apoptosis include shrinking of cells, irreversible condensation of chromatin, degradation of cytoskeleton and nuclear membrane, and eventually the formation of apoptotic bodies – fragments of the nucleus and other organelles encapsulated within fragments of the cell membrane – which are then phagocytosed by macrophages <ref>Elmore S. Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol. 2007 Jun;35(4):495-516. doi: 10.1080/01926230701320337 </ref>. | ||
=Bibliography= | |||
Aktualna wersja na dzień 15:33, 16 mar 2021
Definition
Apoptosis is a form of genetically programmed cell death that occurs in a multicellular organism. As opposed to other types of cell death, e.g. necrosis, apoptosis is not only a key element in embryonic development, but is also crucial for the functioning of the adult organism, and maintaining tissue homeostasis. The role of apoptosis, however, is not limited to regulating cell populations in tissues; it can also be a defence mechanism triggered by selected pathogens or harmful physical and chemical agents. In such cases, the difference between necrosis and apoptosis may lie either in the type or intensity of the stimulus, or in the specific signalling pathway triggered in response. The visible signs of apoptosis include shrinking of cells, irreversible condensation of chromatin, degradation of cytoskeleton and nuclear membrane, and eventually the formation of apoptotic bodies – fragments of the nucleus and other organelles encapsulated within fragments of the cell membrane – which are then phagocytosed by macrophages [1].
Bibliography
- ↑ Elmore S. Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol. 2007 Jun;35(4):495-516. doi: 10.1080/01926230701320337