Translations:Somatyczne komórki macierzyste/4/en

• Bone marrow: abundant in MSCs capable of differentiation into many cell types, including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, hepatocytes etc. Bone marrow MSCs have been proven effective for therapeutic uses, even though their differentiation potential depends on donor characteristics such as age; however, the collection of those cells is one of the most invasive procedures of obtaining MSCs.
• Adipose tissue: rich in MSCs that are highly proliferative, easily obtainable through liposuction, and capable of differentiating into cells of adipogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic and myogenic lineages.
• Skeletal muscle: distinct from the exclusively myogenic satellite cells, muscle-derived MSCs are capable of differentiation into cells of osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages , however, they are primarily used to repair skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue. They are characterised by high self-renewal properties, and can be obtained by biopsy from any muscle of the body.
• Skin: a source of highly proliferative cells, used especially for dermis reconstitution, e.g. in treatment of burns, but also capable of differentiation into myo-, adipo-, osteo- and chondrocytes, as well as neural and pancreatic cells. MSCs can be also isolated from hair follicles, which is probably the most easy and non-invasive way of obtaining stem cells; hair follicle MSCs can undergo adipogenesis and osteogenesis.
• Dental pulp: an easily accessible source of MSCs, as dental surgeries are common procedures. Dental pulp MSCs are usually used for bone and neural regeneration; their chondrogenic differentiation capacity is limited compared to other types of MSCs. They might also exhibit decreased proliferation over time.
• Placenta: abundant in MSCs characterised by high proliferation rates and strong immunosuppressive effects, capable of differentiation into e.g. hepatocytes or pancreatic cells.
• Amniotic fluid: MSCs sourced from amniotic fluid are mainly used alongside surgery as autologous material to aid organ repair in treatment of congenital birth anomalies such as spina bifida, diaphragmatic hernia or cardiac defects. Amniotic fluid is accessible by needle aspiration, and only small quantities are necessary to establish a cell culture, as they tend to proliferate rapidly.
• Peripheral blood: although easily obtained, peripheral blood is not abundant in MSCs. Their adipogenic potential is higher than that of bone marrow-derived MSCs, but the capacity to differentiate into cells of other lineages is relatively inferior.