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# '''[[Somatyczne komórki macierzyste/en|Somatic Stem Cells]]'''– cells residing in the adult body responsible for tissues regeneration. These are multipotent stem cells (eg. hematopoietic cells) as well as unipotent cells (eg. satellite cells of skeletal muscle). The acquisition of [[somatyczne komórki macierzyste/en|somatic stem cells]] is well documented <ref> Crisan M, Yap S, Casteilla L, Chen CW, Corselli M, Park TS, Andriolo G, Sun B, Zheng B, Zhang L, Norotte C, Teng PN, Traas J, Schugar R, Deasy BM, Badylak S, Buhring HJ, Giacobino JP, Lazzari L, Huard J, Péault B. A perivascular origin for mesenchymal stem cells in multiple human organs. Cell Stem Cell. 2008 Sep 11;3(3):301-13. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.07.003 </ref> <ref> Murray IR, West CC, Hardy WR, James AW, Park TS, Nguyen A, Tawonsawatruk T, Lazzari L, Soo C, Péault B. Natural history of mesenchymal stem cells, from vessel walls to culture vessels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2014 Apr;71(8):1353-74. doi: 10.1007/s00018-013-1462-6 </ref> <ref> Elahi KC, Klein G, Avci-Adali M, Sievert KD, MacNeil S, Aicher WK. Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Different Sources Diverge in Their Expression of Cell Surface Proteins and Display Distinct Differentiation Patterns. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:5646384. doi: 10.1155/2016/5646384 </ref> <ref> Dumont NA, Rudnicki MA. Characterizing Satellite Cells and Myogenic Progenitors During Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1560:179-188. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6788-9_12 </ref> <ref> Klimczak A, Kozlowska U. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Tissue-Specific Progenitor Cells: Their Role in Tissue Homeostasis. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:4285215. doi: 10.1155/2016/4285215 </ref> <ref> Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347 </ref> and many of them have found application in cellular therapies eg. hematopoietic cell transplantation in the hematological disorders.
# '''[[Somatyczne komórki macierzyste/en|Somatic Stem Cells]]'''– cells residing in the adult body responsible for tissues regeneration. These are multipotent stem cells (eg. hematopoietic cells) as well as unipotent cells (eg. satellite cells of skeletal muscle). The acquisition of [[somatyczne komórki macierzyste/en|somatic stem cells]] is well documented <ref> Crisan M, Yap S, Casteilla L, Chen CW, Corselli M, Park TS, Andriolo G, Sun B, Zheng B, Zhang L, Norotte C, Teng PN, Traas J, Schugar R, Deasy BM, Badylak S, Buhring HJ, Giacobino JP, Lazzari L, Huard J, Péault B. A perivascular origin for mesenchymal stem cells in multiple human organs. Cell Stem Cell. 2008 Sep 11;3(3):301-13. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.07.003 </ref> <ref> Murray IR, West CC, Hardy WR, James AW, Park TS, Nguyen A, Tawonsawatruk T, Lazzari L, Soo C, Péault B. Natural history of mesenchymal stem cells, from vessel walls to culture vessels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2014 Apr;71(8):1353-74. doi: 10.1007/s00018-013-1462-6 </ref> <ref> Elahi KC, Klein G, Avci-Adali M, Sievert KD, MacNeil S, Aicher WK. Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Different Sources Diverge in Their Expression of Cell Surface Proteins and Display Distinct Differentiation Patterns. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:5646384. doi: 10.1155/2016/5646384 </ref> <ref> Dumont NA, Rudnicki MA. Characterizing Satellite Cells and Myogenic Progenitors During Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1560:179-188. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6788-9_12 </ref> <ref> Klimczak A, Kozlowska U. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Tissue-Specific Progenitor Cells: Their Role in Tissue Homeostasis. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:4285215. doi: 10.1155/2016/4285215 </ref> <ref> Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347 </ref> and many of them have found application in cellular therapies eg. hematopoietic cell transplantation in the hematological disorders.


# '''Embryonic Stem Cells (ESC)''' – derived from embryo cells (totipotent stem cells) or inner cell mass (pluripotent stem cells), they are able to differentiate into all type of cells of whole organism. However, the use of embryonic stem cells for therapeutic purpose arise ethical concerns, therefore their application should not be considered in regenerative medicine.<ref>Zakrzewski W, Dobrzyński M, Szymonowicz M, Rybak Z. Stem cells: past, present, and future. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019 Feb 26;10(1):68. doi: 10.1186/s13287-019-1165-5.</ref>
=Bibliography=
# '''Fetal and Perinatal Stem Cells''' – can be acquired from cord blood, cord tissue and postpartum placenta - their natural reservoir. In standard conditions the perinatal tissues are discarded  according to medical procedures.<ref>In 't Anker PS, Scherjon SA, Kleijburg-van der Keur C, de Groot-Swings GM, Claas FH, Fibbe WE, Kanhai HH. Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells of fetal or maternal origin from human placenta. Stem Cells. 2004;22(7):1338-45. doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0058.</ref> <ref>Miao Z, Jin J, Chen L, Zhu J, Huang W, Zhao J, Qian H, Zhang X. Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from human placenta: comparison with human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Biol Int. 2006 Sep;30(9):681-7. doi: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2006.03.009. Epub 2006 Apr 22.</ref> <ref>Corrao S, La Rocca G, Lo Iacono M, Corsello T, Farina F, Anzalone R. Umbilical cord revisited: from Wharton's jelly myofibroblasts to mesenchymal stem cells. Histol Histopathol. 2013 Oct;28(10):1235-44. doi: 10.14670/HH-28.1235. Epub 2013 Apr 18.</ref> <ref>Kwon A, Kim Y, Kim M, Kim J, Choi H, Jekarl DW, Lee S, Kim JM, Shin JC, Park IY. Tissue-specific Differentiation Potency of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Perinatal Tissues. Sci Rep. 2016 Apr 5;6:23544. doi: 10.1038/srep23544.</ref>
# '''[[Somatyczne komórki macierzyste/en|Somatic Stem Cells]]'''– mature cells residing in the adult body and are responsible for tissues regeneration. These are multipotent stem cells (eg. hematopoietic cells) as well as unipotent cells (eg. satellite cells of skeletal muscle). The acquisition of [[somatyczne komórki macierzyste/en|somatic stem cells]] is well documented and many of them have found application in cellular therapies e.g. hematopoietic cell transplantation in the hematological disorders.<ref>Crisan M, Yap S, Casteilla L, Chen CW, Corselli M, Park TS, Andriolo G, Sun B, Zheng B, Zhang L, Norotte C, Teng PN, Traas J, Schugar R, Deasy BM, Badylak S, Buhring HJ, Giacobino JP, Lazzari L, Huard J, Péault B. A perivascular origin for mesenchymal stem cells in multiple human organs. Cell Stem Cell. 2008 Sep 11;3(3):301-13. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.07.003.</ref> <ref>Murray IR, West CC, Hardy WR, James AW, Park TS, Nguyen A, Tawonsawatruk T, Lazzari L, Soo C, Péault B. Natural history of mesenchymal stem cells, from vessel walls to culture vessels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2014 Apr;71(8):1353-74. doi: 10.1007/s00018-013-1462-6. Epub 2013 Oct 25.</ref> <ref>Elahi KC, Klein G, Avci-Adali M, Sievert KD, MacNeil S, Aicher WK. Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Different Sources Diverge in Their Expression of Cell Surface Proteins and Display Distinct Differentiation Patterns. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:5646384. doi: 10.1155/2016/5646384. Epub 2015 Dec 6.</ref> <ref>Dumont NA, Rudnicki MA. Characterizing Satellite Cells and Myogenic Progenitors During Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1560:179-188. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6788-9_12.</ref> <ref>Klimczak A, Kozlowska U. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Tissue-Specific Progenitor Cells: Their Role in Tissue Homeostasis. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:4285215. doi: 10.1155/2016/4285215. Epub 2015 Dec 28.</ref> <ref>Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347.</ref>

Wersja z 08:20, 25 cze 2021

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Definiton

Stem cells are primary, unspecialized cells, which are characterized with unlimited self-renewal capacity and differentiation into specialized descendant progenitor cells forming tissues and organs. Stem cells exist both in embryos and adult organism. The proper function of the organism depends on tissue homeostasis, and the maintenance of homeostasis is related with stem cell pool, that balances the number of somatic cells in the body. In every organ of the organism systematically appears new cells, which maturate and differentiate into organ-specific cells, and after fulfilling their specific biological function they undergo into programmed cell death called apoptosis. Stem cells, residing in the stem cell niche of a given organ, receive signals from the microenvironment of damaged tissue and initiate the repair process leading to tissue regeneration.

Stem Cell Types

  1. Komórki totipotencjalne – najbardziej pierwotne komórki, są to jedyne komórki w organizmie zdolne do różnicowania się do każdego typu embrionalnych komórek somatycznych i powstania całego organizmu. Powstają w wyniku zapłodnienia tworząc zygotę a następnie w dalszym procesie rozwojowym tworzą blastomery. Są zdolne do tworzenia łożyska, łączącego płód z organizmem matki.
  2. Komórki pluripotencjalne – są to komórki potomne totipotencjalnych komórek macierzystych i mogą dać początek komórkom trzech listków zarodkowych: ektodermy, endodermy i mezodermy. Komórki te są zdolne do organizowania się i tworzenia dowolnej tkanki w procesie embriogenezy (z wyjątkiem komórek łożyska). Wraz z rozwojem płodu i formowaniem się odrębnych struktur tkankowych, komórki pluripotencjalne tracą zdolność do zróżnicowania się w dowolny typ komórek somatycznych na rzecz komórek tkankowo-specyficznych. Komórki pluripotencjalne można spotkać tylko podczas rozwoju embrionalnego, nie mogą jedynie przekształcić się powrotnie w komórki totipotencjalne.
  3. Komórki multipotencjalne – to komórki charakteryzujące się zdolnością do tworzenia tkanek w obrębie jednego z trzech listków zarodkowych
    • Pierwszy listek zarodkowy (ektoderma) – tkanka nerwowa, tkanka nabłonkowa, przydatki skórne,
    • Drugi listek zarodkowy (endoderma) – układ trawienny, układ oddechowy, układ endokrynny, układ moczowy, narządy zmysłów,
    • Trzeci listek zarodkowy (mezoderma) – tkanka kostna, tkanka chrzęstna, mięśnie szkieletowe, mięśnie gładkie, mięsień sercowy, ścięgna, więzadła, tkanka tłuszczowa. Przykładem multipotencjalnych komórek trzeciego listka zarodkowego są mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste (ang. mesenchymal stem cells - MSC). Komórki multipotencjalne rezydują w niszach komórek macierzystych a ich liczba zwykle maleje wraz z wiekiem i wraz ze zdolnością do samoodnowy organizmu.
  4. Komórki unipotencjalne – komórki wyspecjalizowane do różnicowania się w kierunku zdefiniowanych komórek danej tkanki z zachowaną zdolnością do podziałów (w przeciwieństwie do komórek dojrzałych). Przykładem komórek unipotencjalnych są np. komórki satelitowe mięśni szkieletowych różnicujące się do mioblastów a następnie do miocytów - dojrzałych komórek mięśniowych, lub osteoblasty różnicujące się w komórki tworzące kość. Komórki unipotencjalne rezydują w tkankach i odpowiadają na sygnały związane z uszkodzeniem tkanki poprzez ich aktywację i następową regenerację tkanki.[1]

Classification of stem cell types by source of origin

  1. Embryonic Stem Cells (ESC) – derived from embryo cells (totipotent stem cells) or inner cell mass (pluripotent stem cells), they are able to differentiate into all type of cells of whole organism. However, the use of embryonic stem cells for therapeutic purpose arise ethical concerns, therefore their application should not be considered in regenerative medicine.
  2. Fetal and Perinatal Stem Cells – can be acquired from cord blood, cord tissue and postpartum placenta - their natural reservoir. In standard conditions the perinatal tissues are discarded according to medical procedures. [2] [3] [4] [5]
  3. Somatic Stem Cells– cells residing in the adult body responsible for tissues regeneration. These are multipotent stem cells (eg. hematopoietic cells) as well as unipotent cells (eg. satellite cells of skeletal muscle). The acquisition of somatic stem cells is well documented [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] and many of them have found application in cellular therapies eg. hematopoietic cell transplantation in the hematological disorders.

Bibliography

  1. ↑ Zakrzewski W, Dobrzyński M, Szymonowicz M, Rybak Z. Stem cells: past, present, and future. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019 Feb 26;10(1):68. doi: 10.1186/s13287-019-1165-5
  2. ↑ In 't Anker PS, Scherjon SA, Kleijburg-van der Keur C, de Groot-Swings GM, Claas FH, Fibbe WE, Kanhai HH. Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells of fetal or maternal origin from human placenta. Stem Cells. 2004;22(7):1338-45. doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0058
  3. ↑ Miao Z, Jin J, Chen L, Zhu J, Huang W, Zhao J, Qian H, Zhang X. Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from human placenta: comparison with human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Biol Int. 2006 Sep;30(9):681-7. doi: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2006.03.009
  4. ↑ Corrao S, La Rocca G, Lo Iacono M, Corsello T, Farina F, Anzalone R. Umbilical cord revisited: from Wharton's jelly myofibroblasts to mesenchymal stem cells. Histol Histopathol. 2013 Oct;28(10):1235-44. doi: 10.14670/HH-28.1235
  5. ↑ Kwon A, Kim Y, Kim M, Kim J, Choi H, Jekarl DW, Lee S, Kim JM, Shin JC, Park IY. Tissue-specific Differentiation Potency of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Perinatal Tissues. Sci Rep. 2016 Apr 5;6:23544. doi: 10.1038/srep23544
  6. ↑ Crisan M, Yap S, Casteilla L, Chen CW, Corselli M, Park TS, Andriolo G, Sun B, Zheng B, Zhang L, Norotte C, Teng PN, Traas J, Schugar R, Deasy BM, Badylak S, Buhring HJ, Giacobino JP, Lazzari L, Huard J, Péault B. A perivascular origin for mesenchymal stem cells in multiple human organs. Cell Stem Cell. 2008 Sep 11;3(3):301-13. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.07.003
  7. ↑ Murray IR, West CC, Hardy WR, James AW, Park TS, Nguyen A, Tawonsawatruk T, Lazzari L, Soo C, Péault B. Natural history of mesenchymal stem cells, from vessel walls to culture vessels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2014 Apr;71(8):1353-74. doi: 10.1007/s00018-013-1462-6
  8. ↑ Elahi KC, Klein G, Avci-Adali M, Sievert KD, MacNeil S, Aicher WK. Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Different Sources Diverge in Their Expression of Cell Surface Proteins and Display Distinct Differentiation Patterns. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:5646384. doi: 10.1155/2016/5646384
  9. ↑ Dumont NA, Rudnicki MA. Characterizing Satellite Cells and Myogenic Progenitors During Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1560:179-188. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6788-9_12
  10. ↑ Klimczak A, Kozlowska U. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Tissue-Specific Progenitor Cells: Their Role in Tissue Homeostasis. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:4285215. doi: 10.1155/2016/4285215
  11. ↑ Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347
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