Translations:Mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste/2/en: Różnice pomiędzy wersjami

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=Sources of mesenchymal stem cells=
=Sources of mesenchymal stem cells=
*'''Bone marrow''': abundant in MSCs capable of differentiation into many cell types, including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, hepatocytes etc. Bone marrow-derived MSCs are an attractive material for therapeutic purposes, although their differentiation potential depends on many factors, including the age of the donor, however, a certain limitation of obtaining MSC from the bone marrow is the procedure of their collection, which is an invasive method <ref>Prockop DJ. Marrow stromal cells as stem cells for nonhematopoietic tissues. Science. 1997 Apr 4;276(5309):71-4. doi: 10.1126/science.276.5309.71</ref> <ref>Dezawa M, Ishikawa H, Itokazu Y, Yoshihara T, Hoshino M, Takeda S, Ide C, Nabeshima Y. Bone marrow stromal cells generate muscle cells and repair muscle degeneration. Science. 2005 Jul 8;309(5732):314-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1110364</ref> <ref>Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347</ref>.
*'''Adipose tissue''': rich in MSCs that are highly proliferative, easily obtainable through liposuction, and capable of differentiating into cells of adipogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic and myogenic lineages <ref>Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347</ref>.
*'''Skeletal muscle''': distinct from the exclusively myogenic satellite cells, muscle-derived MSCs are capable of differentiation into cells of osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages , however, they are primarily used to repair skeletal muscle tissue. They are characterised by high self-renewal properties, and can be obtained by biopsy from any muscle of the body <ref>Klimczak A, Kozlowska U, Kurpisz M. Muscle Stem/Progenitor Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Bone Marrow Origin for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Muscular Dystrophies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2018 Oct;66(5):341-354. doi: 10.1007/s00005-018-0509-7. Epub 2018 Mar 13</ref> <ref>Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347</ref>.
*'''Skin''': a source of highly proliferative cells, used especially for dermis regeneration, e.g. in treatment of extensive burns, but also capable of differentiation into myo-, adipo-, osteo- and chondrocytes, as well as neural and pancreatic cells. MSCs can be also isolated from hair follicles, which is probably the most easy and non-invasive way of obtaining stem cells; hair follicle MSCs can undergo adipogenesis and osteogenesis <ref>Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347</ref> <ref>Wang B, Liu XM, Liu ZN, Wang Y, Han X, Lian AB, Mu Y, Jin MH, Liu JY. Human hair follicle-derived mesenchymal stem cells: Isolation, expansion, and differentiation. World J Stem Cells. 2020 Jun 26;12(6):462-470. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i6.462</ref> <ref>Savkovic V, Li H, Obradovic D, Masieri FF, Bartella AK, Zimmerer R, Simon JC, Etz C, Lethaus B. The Angiogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from the Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheath. J Clin Med. 2021 Feb 26;10(5):911. doi: 10.3390/jcm10050911</ref>.
*'''Dental pulp''': an easily accessible source of MSCs during dental surgeries. Dental pulp MSCs are usually used for bone and neural regeneration; their chondrogenic differentiation capacity is limited compared to other types of MSCs. However, some studies show a decrease in the proliferative activity of MSCs isolated from the dental pulp associated with the number of passages of cultivation time <ref>Anitua E, Troya M, Zalduendo M. Progress in the use of dental pulp stem cells in regenerative medicine. Cytotherapy. 2018 Apr;20(4):479-498. doi: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.12.011. Epub 2018 Feb 12</ref> <ref>Alraies A, Waddington RJ, Sloan AJ, Moseley R. Evaluation of Dental Pulp Stem Cell Heterogeneity and Behaviour in 3D Type I Collagen Gels. Biomed Res Int. 2020 Sep 10;2020:3034727. doi: 10.1155/2020/3034727</ref>.
*'''Placenta''': abundant in MSCs characterised by high proliferation rates and strong immunosuppressive effects, capable of differentiation into e.g. hepatocytes or pancreatic cells <ref>Wang L, Ott L, Seshareddy K, Weiss ML, Detamore MS. Musculoskeletal tissue engineering with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells. Regen Med. 2011 Jan;6(1):95-109. doi: 10.2217/rme.10.98</ref> <ref>Um S, Ha J, Choi SJ, Oh W, Jin HJ. Prospects for the therapeutic development of umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells. World J Stem Cells. 2020 Dec 26;12(12):1511-1528. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i12.1511</ref>.
*'''Amniotic fluid''': MSCs originating from amniotic fluid are mainly used alongside surgery as autologous material to aid organ repair in treatment of congenital birth anomalies such as spina bifida, diaphragmatic hernia or cardiac defects. Amniotic fluid is accessible by needle aspiration, and only small quantities are necessary to establish a cell culture, as they have ability to proliferate rapidly.

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Sources of mesenchymal stem cells

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