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It has been observed mesenchymal stem cells ([[MSC/en|MSCs]]) have the ability to differentiate into many types of connective tissue, including: bone tissue ([[osteogeneza/en|osteogenesis]]), cartilage ([[chondrogeneza/en|chondrogenesis]]), adipose tissue ([[adipogeneza/en|adipogenesis]]), skeletal muscle tissue (myogenesis), heart muscle (cardiomiogenesis), tendons, ligaments, as well as in in vitro tests for nerve tissue cells.<ref>Vazin T, Freed WJ. Human embryonic stem cells: derivation, culture, and differentiation: a review. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2010;28(4):589-603. doi: 10.3233/RNN-2010-0543</ref> <ref>Kang MI, Kim HS, Jung YC, Kim YH, Hong SJ, Kim MK, Baek KH, Kim CC, Rhyu MG. Transitional CpG methylation between promoters and retroelements of tissue-specific genes during human mesenchymal cell differentiation. J Cell Biochem. 2007 Sep 1;102(1):224-39. doi: 10.1002/jcb.21291</ref> <ref>Gromolak S, Krawczenko A, Antończyk A, Buczak K, Kiełbowicz Z, Klimczak A. Biological Characteristics and Osteogenic Differentiation of Ovine Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Stimulated with FGF-2 and BMP-2. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Dec 20;21(24):9726. doi: 10.3390/ijms21249726</ref> <ref>Hung BP, Hutton DL, Kozielski KL, Bishop CJ, Naved B, Green JJ, Caplan AI, Gimble JM, Dorafshar AH, Grayson WL. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor BB Enhances Osteogenesis of Adipose-Derived But Not Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells. Stem Cells. 2015 Sep;33(9):2773-84. doi: 10.1002/stem.2060. Epub 2015 Jun 26</ref> <ref>Ambele MA, Dhanraj P, Giles R, Pepper MS. Adipogenesis: A Complex Interplay of Multiple Molecular Determinants and Pathways. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jun 16;21(12):4283. doi: 10.3390/ijms21124283</ref> <ref>Voskamp C, Koevoet WJLM, Somoza RA, Caplan AI, Lefebvre V, van Osch GJVM, Narcisi R. Enhanced Chondrogenic Capacity of Mesenchymal Stem Cells After TNFα Pre-treatment. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020 Jun 30;8:658. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00658</ref> <ref>Sorrell JM, Somoza RA, Caplan AI. Human mesenchymal stem cells induced to differentiate as chondrocytes follow a biphasic pattern of extracellular matrix production. J Orthop Res. 2018 Jun;36(6):1757-1766. doi: 10.1002/jor.23820. Epub 2017 Dec 22</ref>.
It has been observed [[mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste/en|mesenchymal stem cells]] (MSCs) have the ability to differentiate into many types of connective tissue, including: bone tissue ([[osteogeneza/en|osteogenesis]]), cartilage ([[chondrogeneza/en|chondrogenesis]]), adipose tissue ([[adipogeneza/en|adipogenesis]]), skeletal muscle tissue (myogenesis), heart muscle (cardiomiogenesis), tendons, ligaments, as well as in ''[[in vitro/en|in vitro]]'' tests for nerve tissue cells.<ref>Vazin T, Freed WJ. Human embryonic stem cells: derivation, culture, and differentiation: a review. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2010;28(4):589-603. doi: 10.3233/RNN-2010-0543</ref> <ref>Kang MI, Kim HS, Jung YC, Kim YH, Hong SJ, Kim MK, Baek KH, Kim CC, Rhyu MG. Transitional CpG methylation between promoters and retroelements of tissue-specific genes during human mesenchymal cell differentiation. J Cell Biochem. 2007 Sep 1;102(1):224-39. doi: 10.1002/jcb.21291</ref> <ref>Gromolak S, Krawczenko A, Antończyk A, Buczak K, Kiełbowicz Z, Klimczak A. Biological Characteristics and Osteogenic Differentiation of Ovine Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Stimulated with FGF-2 and BMP-2. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Dec 20;21(24):9726. doi: 10.3390/ijms21249726</ref> <ref>Hung BP, Hutton DL, Kozielski KL, Bishop CJ, Naved B, Green JJ, Caplan AI, Gimble JM, Dorafshar AH, Grayson WL. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor BB Enhances Osteogenesis of Adipose-Derived But Not Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells. Stem Cells. 2015 Sep;33(9):2773-84. doi: 10.1002/stem.2060. Epub 2015 Jun 26</ref> <ref>Ambele MA, Dhanraj P, Giles R, Pepper MS. Adipogenesis: A Complex Interplay of Multiple Molecular Determinants and Pathways. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jun 16;21(12):4283. doi: 10.3390/ijms21124283</ref> <ref>Voskamp C, Koevoet WJLM, Somoza RA, Caplan AI, Lefebvre V, van Osch GJVM, Narcisi R. Enhanced Chondrogenic Capacity of Mesenchymal Stem Cells After TNFα Pre-treatment. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020 Jun 30;8:658. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00658</ref> <ref>Sorrell JM, Somoza RA, Caplan AI. Human mesenchymal stem cells induced to differentiate as chondrocytes follow a biphasic pattern of extracellular matrix production. J Orthop Res. 2018 Jun;36(6):1757-1766. doi: 10.1002/jor.23820. Epub 2017 Dec 22</ref>.

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W kontekście [[mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste |mezenchymalnych komórek macierzystych]] (MSC) zaobserwowano, że komórki mają zdolność do różnicowania się w kierunku szeregu rodzajów tkanki łącznej m.in. w stronę tkanki kostnej ([[Osteogeneza|osteogeneza]]), tkanki chrzęstnej ([[Chondrogeneza|chondrogeneza]]), tkanki tłuszczowej ([[Adipogeneza|adipogeneza]]), tkanki mięśnia szkieletowego (miogeneza), mięśnia sercowego (kardiomiogeneza) ścięgien, więzadeł, a także ''[[in vitro|in vitro]]'' w kierunku komórek tkanki nerwowej <ref>Vazin T, Freed WJ. Human embryonic stem cells: derivation, culture, and differentiation: a review. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2010;28(4):589-603. doi: 10.3233/RNN-2010-0543</ref> <ref>Kang MI, Kim HS, Jung YC, Kim YH, Hong SJ, Kim MK, Baek KH, Kim CC, Rhyu MG. Transitional CpG methylation between promoters and retroelements of tissue-specific genes during human mesenchymal cell differentiation. J Cell Biochem. 2007 Sep 1;102(1):224-39. doi: 10.1002/jcb.21291</ref> <ref>Gromolak S, Krawczenko A, Antończyk A, Buczak K, Kiełbowicz Z, Klimczak A. Biological Characteristics and Osteogenic Differentiation of Ovine Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Stimulated with FGF-2 and BMP-2. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Dec 20;21(24):9726. doi: 10.3390/ijms21249726</ref> <ref>Hung BP, Hutton DL, Kozielski KL, Bishop CJ, Naved B, Green JJ, Caplan AI, Gimble JM, Dorafshar AH, Grayson WL. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor BB Enhances Osteogenesis of Adipose-Derived But Not Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells. Stem Cells. 2015 Sep;33(9):2773-84. doi: 10.1002/stem.2060. Epub 2015 Jun 26</ref> <ref>Ambele MA, Dhanraj P, Giles R, Pepper MS. Adipogenesis: A Complex Interplay of Multiple Molecular Determinants and Pathways. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jun 16;21(12):4283. doi: 10.3390/ijms21124283</ref> <ref>Voskamp C, Koevoet WJLM, Somoza RA, Caplan AI, Lefebvre V, van Osch GJVM, Narcisi R. Enhanced Chondrogenic Capacity of Mesenchymal Stem Cells After TNFα Pre-treatment. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020 Jun 30;8:658. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00658</ref> <ref>Sorrell JM, Somoza RA, Caplan AI. Human mesenchymal stem cells induced to differentiate as chondrocytes follow a biphasic pattern of extracellular matrix production. J Orthop Res. 2018 Jun;36(6):1757-1766. doi: 10.1002/jor.23820. Epub 2017 Dec 22</ref>.

It has been observed mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the ability to differentiate into many types of connective tissue, including: bone tissue (osteogenesis), cartilage (chondrogenesis), adipose tissue (adipogenesis), skeletal muscle tissue (myogenesis), heart muscle (cardiomiogenesis), tendons, ligaments, as well as in in vitro tests for nerve tissue cells.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7].

  1. ↑ Vazin T, Freed WJ. Human embryonic stem cells: derivation, culture, and differentiation: a review. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2010;28(4):589-603. doi: 10.3233/RNN-2010-0543
  2. ↑ Kang MI, Kim HS, Jung YC, Kim YH, Hong SJ, Kim MK, Baek KH, Kim CC, Rhyu MG. Transitional CpG methylation between promoters and retroelements of tissue-specific genes during human mesenchymal cell differentiation. J Cell Biochem. 2007 Sep 1;102(1):224-39. doi: 10.1002/jcb.21291
  3. ↑ Gromolak S, Krawczenko A, Antończyk A, Buczak K, Kiełbowicz Z, Klimczak A. Biological Characteristics and Osteogenic Differentiation of Ovine Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Stimulated with FGF-2 and BMP-2. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Dec 20;21(24):9726. doi: 10.3390/ijms21249726
  4. ↑ Hung BP, Hutton DL, Kozielski KL, Bishop CJ, Naved B, Green JJ, Caplan AI, Gimble JM, Dorafshar AH, Grayson WL. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor BB Enhances Osteogenesis of Adipose-Derived But Not Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells. Stem Cells. 2015 Sep;33(9):2773-84. doi: 10.1002/stem.2060. Epub 2015 Jun 26
  5. ↑ Ambele MA, Dhanraj P, Giles R, Pepper MS. Adipogenesis: A Complex Interplay of Multiple Molecular Determinants and Pathways. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jun 16;21(12):4283. doi: 10.3390/ijms21124283
  6. ↑ Voskamp C, Koevoet WJLM, Somoza RA, Caplan AI, Lefebvre V, van Osch GJVM, Narcisi R. Enhanced Chondrogenic Capacity of Mesenchymal Stem Cells After TNFα Pre-treatment. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020 Jun 30;8:658. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00658
  7. ↑ Sorrell JM, Somoza RA, Caplan AI. Human mesenchymal stem cells induced to differentiate as chondrocytes follow a biphasic pattern of extracellular matrix production. J Orthop Res. 2018 Jun;36(6):1757-1766. doi: 10.1002/jor.23820. Epub 2017 Dec 22
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