Apoptoza/en - Historia wersji

Agnieszka Szyposzyńska o 15:33, 16 mar 2021

2021-03-16T15:33:31Z

← poprzednia wersja		Wersja z 15:33, 16 mar 2021
Linia 2:		Linia 2:
	=Definition=		=Definition=
	Apoptosis is a form of genetically programmed cell death that occurs in a multicellular organism. As opposed to other types of cell death, e.g. necrosis, apoptosis is not only a key element in embryonic development, but is also crucial for the functioning of the adult organism, and maintaining tissue [[homeostaza/en\|homeostasis]]. The role of apoptosis, however, is not limited to regulating cell populations in tissues; it can also be a defence mechanism triggered by selected pathogens or harmful physical and chemical agents. In such cases, the difference between necrosis and apoptosis may lie either in the type or intensity of the stimulus, or in the specific signalling pathway triggered in response. The visible signs of apoptosis include shrinking of cells, irreversible condensation of chromatin, degradation of cytoskeleton and nuclear membrane, and eventually the formation of apoptotic bodies – fragments of the nucleus and other organelles encapsulated within fragments of the cell membrane – which are then phagocytosed by macrophages <ref>Elmore S. Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol. 2007 Jun;35(4):495-516. doi: 10.1080/01926230701320337 </ref>.		Apoptosis is a form of genetically programmed cell death that occurs in a multicellular organism. As opposed to other types of cell death, e.g. necrosis, apoptosis is not only a key element in embryonic development, but is also crucial for the functioning of the adult organism, and maintaining tissue [[homeostaza/en\|homeostasis]]. The role of apoptosis, however, is not limited to regulating cell populations in tissues; it can also be a defence mechanism triggered by selected pathogens or harmful physical and chemical agents. In such cases, the difference between necrosis and apoptosis may lie either in the type or intensity of the stimulus, or in the specific signalling pathway triggered in response. The visible signs of apoptosis include shrinking of cells, irreversible condensation of chromatin, degradation of cytoskeleton and nuclear membrane, and eventually the formation of apoptotic bodies – fragments of the nucleus and other organelles encapsulated within fragments of the cell membrane – which are then phagocytosed by macrophages <ref>Elmore S. Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol. 2007 Jun;35(4):495-516. doi: 10.1080/01926230701320337 </ref>.
			=Bibliography=

Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: Utworzono nową stronę "=Definition= Apoptosis is a form of genetically programmed cell death that occurs in a multicellular organism. As opposed to other types of cell death, e.g. necrosis, ap..."

2021-03-16T15:33:00Z

Utworzono nową stronę "=Definition= Apoptosis is a form of genetically programmed cell death that occurs in a multicellular organism. As opposed to other types of cell death, e.g. necrosis, ap..."

← poprzednia wersja		Wersja z 15:33, 16 mar 2021
Linia 1:		Linia 1:
	<languages/>		<languages/>
	=~~Definicja~~=		=Definition=
	~~Apoptoza~~ to ~~forma genetycznie zaprogramowanej śmierci komórki zachodzącej w organizmie wielokomórkowym~~. ~~W odróżnieniu od innych typów śmierci komórki, np~~. ~~nekrozy (martwicy)~~, ~~apoptoza jest kluczowym elementem rozwoju zarodkowego~~, ~~a także jest niezbędna dla dalszego funkcjonowania organizmu i utrzymania~~ [[homeostaza\|~~homeostazy~~]] ~~tkankowej~~. ~~Rola apoptozy nie ogranicza się jednak do regulowania populacji komórek w tkankach~~; ~~może być ona również mechanizmem obronnym uruchamianym w odpowiedzi na działanie niektórych patogenów czy szkodliwych czynników fizycznych lub chemicznych~~. ~~W tego rodzaju przypadkach różnica pomiędzy nekrozą a apoptozą może zależeć od specyficznego typu lub natężenia czynnika stymulującego~~, ~~bądź też od rodzaju inicjowanego szlaku sygnałowego komórki~~. ~~Podczas apoptozy zachodzą widoczne procesy~~, ~~takie jak kurczenie się komórek~~, ~~nieodwracalne skondensowanie chromatyny~~, ~~degradacja błony jądrowej oraz cytoszkieletu i ostatecznie powstawanie ciałek apoptotycznych~~ – ~~fragmentów jądra oraz pozostałych organelli otoczonych fragmentami błony cytoplazmatycznej, które następnie ulegają fagocytozie przez makrofagi.~~ <ref>Elmore S. Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol. 2007 Jun;35(4):495-516. doi: 10.1080/01926230701320337 </ref>		Apoptosis is a form of genetically programmed cell death that occurs in a multicellular organism. As opposed to other types of cell death, e.g. necrosis, apoptosis is not only a key element in embryonic development, but is also crucial for the functioning of the adult organism, and maintaining tissue [[homeostaza/en\|homeostasis]]. The role of apoptosis, however, is not limited to regulating cell populations in tissues; it can also be a defence mechanism triggered by selected pathogens or harmful physical and chemical agents. In such cases, the difference between necrosis and apoptosis may lie either in the type or intensity of the stimulus, or in the specific signalling pathway triggered in response. The visible signs of apoptosis include shrinking of cells, irreversible condensation of chromatin, degradation of cytoskeleton and nuclear membrane, and eventually the formation of apoptotic bodies – fragments of the nucleus and other organelles encapsulated within fragments of the cell membrane – which are then phagocytosed by macrophages <ref>Elmore S. Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol. 2007 Jun;35(4):495-516. doi: 10.1080/01926230701320337 </ref>.
	~~=Bibliografia=~~

FuzzyBot: Aktualizowanie w celu dopasowania do nowej wersji strony źródłowej

2021-03-16T15:28:23Z

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← poprzednia wersja		Wersja z 15:28, 16 mar 2021
Linia 1:		Linia 1:
	<languages/>		<languages/>
	=~~Definition~~=		=Definicja=
	~~Apoptosis is a form of genetically programmed cell death that occurs in a multicellular organism. As opposed~~ to ~~other types of cell death e~~.g. ~~necrosis~~, ~~apoptosis is not only~~ a ~~key element in embryonic development but is also crucial for the functioning of the adult organism, and maintaining tissue~~ [[homeostaza~~/en~~\|~~homeostasis~~]]. ~~The role of apoptosis, however, is not limited to regulating cell populations in tissues~~; ~~it can also be~~ a defence mechanism triggered by selected pathogens or harmful physical and chemical agents. In such cases, the difference between necrosis and apoptosis may lie either in the type or intensity of the stimulus, ~~or in the specific signalling pathway triggered in response~~. ~~The visible signs of apoptosis include shrinking of cells~~, ~~irreversible condensation of chromatin~~, ~~degradation of cytoskeleton and nuclear membrane~~, ~~and eventually the formation of apoptotic bodies~~ – ~~fragments of the nucleus and other organelles encapsulated within fragments of the cell membrane – which are then phagocytosed by macrophages~~.<ref>Elmore S. Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol. 2007 Jun;35(4):495-516. doi: 10.1080/01926230701320337 </ref>		Apoptoza to forma genetycznie zaprogramowanej śmierci komórki zachodzącej w organizmie wielokomórkowym. W odróżnieniu od innych typów śmierci komórki, np. nekrozy (martwicy), apoptoza jest kluczowym elementem rozwoju zarodkowego, a także jest niezbędna dla dalszego funkcjonowania organizmu i utrzymania [[homeostaza\|homeostazy]] tkankowej. Rola apoptozy nie ogranicza się jednak do regulowania populacji komórek w tkankach; może być ona również mechanizmem obronnym uruchamianym w odpowiedzi na działanie niektórych patogenów czy szkodliwych czynników fizycznych lub chemicznych. W tego rodzaju przypadkach różnica pomiędzy nekrozą a apoptozą może zależeć od specyficznego typu lub natężenia czynnika stymulującego, bądź też od rodzaju inicjowanego szlaku sygnałowego komórki. Podczas apoptozy zachodzą widoczne procesy, takie jak kurczenie się komórek, nieodwracalne skondensowanie chromatyny, degradacja błony jądrowej oraz cytoszkieletu i ostatecznie powstawanie ciałek apoptotycznych – fragmentów jądra oraz pozostałych organelli otoczonych fragmentami błony cytoplazmatycznej, które następnie ulegają fagocytozie przez makrofagi. <ref>Elmore S. Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol. 2007 Jun;35(4):495-516. doi: 10.1080/01926230701320337 </ref>
	~~=Bibliography=~~
	=Bibliografia=		=Bibliografia=

Agnieszka Szyposzyńska o 14:05, 10 mar 2021

2021-03-10T14:05:07Z

← poprzednia wersja		Wersja z 14:05, 10 mar 2021
Linia 1:		Linia 1:
	<languages/>		<languages/>
	~~<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">~~
	=Definition=		=Definition=
	Apoptosis is a form of genetically programmed cell death that occurs in a multicellular organism. As opposed to other types of cell death e.g. necrosis, apoptosis is not only a key element in embryonic development but is also crucial for the functioning of the adult organism, and maintaining tissue [[homeostaza/en\|homeostasis]]. The role of apoptosis, however, is not limited to regulating cell populations in tissues; it can also be a defence mechanism triggered by selected pathogens or harmful physical and chemical agents. In such cases, the difference between necrosis and apoptosis may lie either in the type or intensity of the stimulus, or in the specific signalling pathway triggered in response. The visible signs of apoptosis include shrinking of cells, irreversible condensation of chromatin, degradation of cytoskeleton and nuclear membrane, and eventually the formation of apoptotic bodies – fragments of the nucleus and other organelles encapsulated within fragments of the cell membrane – which are then phagocytosed by macrophages.<ref>Elmore S. Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol. 2007 Jun;35(4):495-516. doi: 10.1080/01926230701320337 </ref>		Apoptosis is a form of genetically programmed cell death that occurs in a multicellular organism. As opposed to other types of cell death e.g. necrosis, apoptosis is not only a key element in embryonic development but is also crucial for the functioning of the adult organism, and maintaining tissue [[homeostaza/en\|homeostasis]]. The role of apoptosis, however, is not limited to regulating cell populations in tissues; it can also be a defence mechanism triggered by selected pathogens or harmful physical and chemical agents. In such cases, the difference between necrosis and apoptosis may lie either in the type or intensity of the stimulus, or in the specific signalling pathway triggered in response. The visible signs of apoptosis include shrinking of cells, irreversible condensation of chromatin, degradation of cytoskeleton and nuclear membrane, and eventually the formation of apoptotic bodies – fragments of the nucleus and other organelles encapsulated within fragments of the cell membrane – which are then phagocytosed by macrophages.<ref>Elmore S. Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol. 2007 Jun;35(4):495-516. doi: 10.1080/01926230701320337 </ref>
	=Bibliography=		=Bibliography=
	~~</div>~~
	=Bibliografia=		=Bibliografia=

FuzzyBot: Aktualizowanie w celu dopasowania do nowej wersji strony źródłowej

2021-03-10T14:04:57Z

Aktualizowanie w celu dopasowania do nowej wersji strony źródłowej

← poprzednia wersja		Wersja z 14:04, 10 mar 2021
Linia 1:		Linia 1:
	<languages/>		<languages/>
			<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
	=Definition=		=Definition=
	Apoptosis is a form of genetically programmed cell death that occurs in a multicellular organism. As opposed to other types of cell death e.g. necrosis, apoptosis is not only a key element in embryonic development but is also crucial for the functioning of the adult organism, and maintaining tissue [[homeostaza/en\|homeostasis]]. The role of apoptosis, however, is not limited to regulating cell populations in tissues; it can also be a defence mechanism triggered by selected pathogens or harmful physical and chemical agents. In such cases, the difference between necrosis and apoptosis may lie either in the type or intensity of the stimulus, or in the specific signalling pathway triggered in response. The visible signs of apoptosis include shrinking of cells, irreversible condensation of chromatin, degradation of cytoskeleton and nuclear membrane, and eventually the formation of apoptotic bodies – fragments of the nucleus and other organelles encapsulated within fragments of the cell membrane – which are then phagocytosed by macrophages.<ref>Elmore S. Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol. 2007 Jun;35(4):495-516. doi: 10.1080/01926230701320337 </ref>		Apoptosis is a form of genetically programmed cell death that occurs in a multicellular organism. As opposed to other types of cell death e.g. necrosis, apoptosis is not only a key element in embryonic development but is also crucial for the functioning of the adult organism, and maintaining tissue [[homeostaza/en\|homeostasis]]. The role of apoptosis, however, is not limited to regulating cell populations in tissues; it can also be a defence mechanism triggered by selected pathogens or harmful physical and chemical agents. In such cases, the difference between necrosis and apoptosis may lie either in the type or intensity of the stimulus, or in the specific signalling pathway triggered in response. The visible signs of apoptosis include shrinking of cells, irreversible condensation of chromatin, degradation of cytoskeleton and nuclear membrane, and eventually the formation of apoptotic bodies – fragments of the nucleus and other organelles encapsulated within fragments of the cell membrane – which are then phagocytosed by macrophages.<ref>Elmore S. Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol. 2007 Jun;35(4):495-516. doi: 10.1080/01926230701320337 </ref>
	=Bibliography=		=Bibliography=
			</div>
			=Bibliografia=

Agnieszka Szyposzyńska o 14:22, 25 sty 2021

2021-01-25T14:22:15Z

← poprzednia wersja		Wersja z 14:22, 25 sty 2021
Linia 1:		Linia 1:
	<languages/>		<languages/>
	=Definition=		=Definition=
	Apoptosis is a form of genetically programmed cell death that occurs in a multicellular organism. As opposed to other types of cell death, e.g. necrosis, apoptosis is not only a key element in embryonic development, but is also crucial for the functioning of the adult organism, and maintaining tissue [[homeostaza/en\|homeostasis]]. The role of apoptosis, however, is not limited to regulating cell populations in tissues; it can also be a defence mechanism triggered by selected pathogens or harmful physical and chemical agents. In such cases, the difference between necrosis and apoptosis may lie either in the type or intensity of the stimulus, or in the specific signalling pathway triggered in response. The visible signs of apoptosis include shrinking of cells, irreversible condensation of chromatin, degradation of cytoskeleton and nuclear membrane, and eventually the formation of apoptotic bodies – fragments of the nucleus and other organelles encapsulated within fragments of the cell membrane – which are then phagocytosed by macrophages.<ref>Elmore S. Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol. 2007 Jun;35(4):495-516. doi: 10.1080/01926230701320337 </ref>		Apoptosis is a form of genetically programmed cell death that occurs in a multicellular organism. As opposed to other types of cell death e.g. necrosis, apoptosis is not only a key element in embryonic development but is also crucial for the functioning of the adult organism, and maintaining tissue [[homeostaza/en\|homeostasis]]. The role of apoptosis, however, is not limited to regulating cell populations in tissues; it can also be a defence mechanism triggered by selected pathogens or harmful physical and chemical agents. In such cases, the difference between necrosis and apoptosis may lie either in the type or intensity of the stimulus, or in the specific signalling pathway triggered in response. The visible signs of apoptosis include shrinking of cells, irreversible condensation of chromatin, degradation of cytoskeleton and nuclear membrane, and eventually the formation of apoptotic bodies – fragments of the nucleus and other organelles encapsulated within fragments of the cell membrane – which are then phagocytosed by macrophages.<ref>Elmore S. Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol. 2007 Jun;35(4):495-516. doi: 10.1080/01926230701320337 </ref>
	=Bibliography=		=Bibliography=

Agnieszka Szyposzyńska o 14:25, 19 sty 2021

2021-01-19T14:25:36Z

← poprzednia wersja		Wersja z 14:25, 19 sty 2021
Linia 1:		Linia 1:
	<languages/>		<languages/>
	=Definition=		=Definition=
	Apoptosis is a form of genetically programmed cell death that occurs in a multicellular organism. As opposed to other types of cell death, e.g. necrosis, apoptosis is not only a key element in embryonic development, but is also crucial for the functioning of the adult organism, and maintaining [[homeostaza/en\|homeostasis]]. The role of apoptosis, however, is not limited to regulating cell populations in tissues; it can also be a defence mechanism triggered by selected pathogens or harmful physical and chemical agents. In such cases, the difference between necrosis and apoptosis may lie either in the type or intensity of the stimulus, or in the specific signalling pathway triggered in response. The visible signs of apoptosis include shrinking of cells, irreversible condensation of chromatin, degradation of cytoskeleton and nuclear membrane, and eventually the formation of apoptotic bodies – fragments of the nucleus and other organelles encapsulated within fragments of the cell membrane – which are then phagocytosed by macrophages.<ref>Elmore S. Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol. 2007 Jun;35(4):495-516. doi: 10.1080/01926230701320337 </ref>		Apoptosis is a form of genetically programmed cell death that occurs in a multicellular organism. As opposed to other types of cell death, e.g. necrosis, apoptosis is not only a key element in embryonic development, but is also crucial for the functioning of the adult organism, and maintaining tissue [[homeostaza/en\|homeostasis]]. The role of apoptosis, however, is not limited to regulating cell populations in tissues; it can also be a defence mechanism triggered by selected pathogens or harmful physical and chemical agents. In such cases, the difference between necrosis and apoptosis may lie either in the type or intensity of the stimulus, or in the specific signalling pathway triggered in response. The visible signs of apoptosis include shrinking of cells, irreversible condensation of chromatin, degradation of cytoskeleton and nuclear membrane, and eventually the formation of apoptotic bodies – fragments of the nucleus and other organelles encapsulated within fragments of the cell membrane – which are then phagocytosed by macrophages.<ref>Elmore S. Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol. 2007 Jun;35(4):495-516. doi: 10.1080/01926230701320337 </ref>
	=Bibliography=		=Bibliography=

Agnieszka Szyposzyńska o 08:26, 20 paź 2020

2020-10-20T08:26:38Z

← poprzednia wersja		Wersja z 08:26, 20 paź 2020
Linia 1:		Linia 1:
	<languages/>		<languages/>
	=Definition=		=Definition=
	Apoptosis is a form of genetically programmed cell death that occurs in a multicellular organism. As opposed to other types of cell death, e.g. necrosis, apoptosis is not only a key element in embryonic development, but is also crucial for the functioning of the adult organism, and maintaining [[~~homeostasis~~\|homeostasis]]. The role of apoptosis, however, is not limited to regulating cell populations in tissues; it can also be a defence mechanism triggered by selected pathogens or harmful physical and chemical agents. In such cases, the difference between necrosis and apoptosis may lie either in the type or intensity of the stimulus, or in the specific signalling pathway triggered in response. The visible signs of apoptosis include shrinking of cells, irreversible condensation of chromatin, degradation of cytoskeleton and nuclear membrane, and eventually the formation of apoptotic bodies – fragments of the nucleus and other organelles encapsulated within fragments of the cell membrane – which are then phagocytosed by macrophages.<ref>Elmore S. Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol. 2007 Jun;35(4):495-516. doi: 10.1080/01926230701320337 </ref>		Apoptosis is a form of genetically programmed cell death that occurs in a multicellular organism. As opposed to other types of cell death, e.g. necrosis, apoptosis is not only a key element in embryonic development, but is also crucial for the functioning of the adult organism, and maintaining [[homeostaza/en\|homeostasis]]. The role of apoptosis, however, is not limited to regulating cell populations in tissues; it can also be a defence mechanism triggered by selected pathogens or harmful physical and chemical agents. In such cases, the difference between necrosis and apoptosis may lie either in the type or intensity of the stimulus, or in the specific signalling pathway triggered in response. The visible signs of apoptosis include shrinking of cells, irreversible condensation of chromatin, degradation of cytoskeleton and nuclear membrane, and eventually the formation of apoptotic bodies – fragments of the nucleus and other organelles encapsulated within fragments of the cell membrane – which are then phagocytosed by macrophages.<ref>Elmore S. Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol. 2007 Jun;35(4):495-516. doi: 10.1080/01926230701320337 </ref>
	=Bibliography=		=Bibliography=

Agnieszka Szyposzyńska o 14:04, 19 paź 2020

2020-10-19T14:04:07Z

← poprzednia wersja		Wersja z 14:04, 19 paź 2020
Linia 1:		Linia 1:
	<languages/>		<languages/>
	=Definition=		=Definition=
	Apoptosis is a form of genetically programmed cell death that occurs in a multicellular organism. As opposed to other types of cell death, e.g. necrosis, apoptosis is not only a key element in embryonic development, but is also crucial for the functioning of the adult organism, and maintaining homeostasis. The role of apoptosis, however, is not limited to regulating cell populations in tissues; it can also be a defence mechanism triggered by selected pathogens or harmful physical and chemical agents. In such cases, the difference between necrosis and apoptosis may lie either in the type or intensity of the stimulus, or in the specific signalling pathway triggered in response. The visible signs of apoptosis include shrinking of cells, irreversible condensation of chromatin, degradation of cytoskeleton and nuclear membrane, and eventually the formation of apoptotic bodies – fragments of the nucleus and other organelles encapsulated within fragments of the cell membrane – which are then phagocytosed by macrophages.<ref>Elmore S. Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol. 2007 Jun;35(4):495-516. doi: 10.1080/01926230701320337 </ref>		Apoptosis is a form of genetically programmed cell death that occurs in a multicellular organism. As opposed to other types of cell death, e.g. necrosis, apoptosis is not only a key element in embryonic development, but is also crucial for the functioning of the adult organism, and maintaining [[homeostasis\|homeostasis]]. The role of apoptosis, however, is not limited to regulating cell populations in tissues; it can also be a defence mechanism triggered by selected pathogens or harmful physical and chemical agents. In such cases, the difference between necrosis and apoptosis may lie either in the type or intensity of the stimulus, or in the specific signalling pathway triggered in response. The visible signs of apoptosis include shrinking of cells, irreversible condensation of chromatin, degradation of cytoskeleton and nuclear membrane, and eventually the formation of apoptotic bodies – fragments of the nucleus and other organelles encapsulated within fragments of the cell membrane – which are then phagocytosed by macrophages.<ref>Elmore S. Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol. 2007 Jun;35(4):495-516. doi: 10.1080/01926230701320337 </ref>
	=Bibliography=		=Bibliography=

Agnieszka Szyposzyńska o 13:59, 19 paź 2020

2020-10-19T13:59:53Z

← poprzednia wersja		Wersja z 13:59, 19 paź 2020
Linia 2:		Linia 2:
	=Definition=		=Definition=
	Apoptosis is a form of genetically programmed cell death that occurs in a multicellular organism. As opposed to other types of cell death, e.g. necrosis, apoptosis is not only a key element in embryonic development, but is also crucial for the functioning of the adult organism, and maintaining homeostasis. The role of apoptosis, however, is not limited to regulating cell populations in tissues; it can also be a defence mechanism triggered by selected pathogens or harmful physical and chemical agents. In such cases, the difference between necrosis and apoptosis may lie either in the type or intensity of the stimulus, or in the specific signalling pathway triggered in response. The visible signs of apoptosis include shrinking of cells, irreversible condensation of chromatin, degradation of cytoskeleton and nuclear membrane, and eventually the formation of apoptotic bodies – fragments of the nucleus and other organelles encapsulated within fragments of the cell membrane – which are then phagocytosed by macrophages.<ref>Elmore S. Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol. 2007 Jun;35(4):495-516. doi: 10.1080/01926230701320337 </ref>		Apoptosis is a form of genetically programmed cell death that occurs in a multicellular organism. As opposed to other types of cell death, e.g. necrosis, apoptosis is not only a key element in embryonic development, but is also crucial for the functioning of the adult organism, and maintaining homeostasis. The role of apoptosis, however, is not limited to regulating cell populations in tissues; it can also be a defence mechanism triggered by selected pathogens or harmful physical and chemical agents. In such cases, the difference between necrosis and apoptosis may lie either in the type or intensity of the stimulus, or in the specific signalling pathway triggered in response. The visible signs of apoptosis include shrinking of cells, irreversible condensation of chromatin, degradation of cytoskeleton and nuclear membrane, and eventually the formation of apoptotic bodies – fragments of the nucleus and other organelles encapsulated within fragments of the cell membrane – which are then phagocytosed by macrophages.<ref>Elmore S. Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol. 2007 Jun;35(4):495-516. doi: 10.1080/01926230701320337 </ref>
			=Bibliography=