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	<title>BINWIT - Wkład użytkownika [pl]</title>
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		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Mezenchymalne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/en&amp;diff=1193</id>
		<title>Mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Mezenchymalne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/en&amp;diff=1193"/>
		<updated>2021-06-25T08:43:56Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;languages/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=Definition=&lt;br /&gt;
Mesenchymal stem cells, also known as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), are multipotent cells of mesodermal origin, residing in many tissues of the adult organism, capable of self-renewal and differentiation both into the cells of the tissue from which they originate and into other cells of mesenchymal and non-mesenchymal origin.&lt;br /&gt;
Mesenchymal stem / stromal cells have attracted special attention from the scientific world since their first isolation from the bone marrow by Friedenstein in the 1960s and have been described as adherent cells (adherent to the surface of plastic culture dishes) with a fibroblast-like morphology &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Friedenstein AJ, Petrakova KV, Kurolesova AI, Frolova GP. Heterotopic of bone marrow. Analysis of precursor cells for osteogenic and hematopoietic tissues. Transplantation 1968; 6: 230-47&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Friedenstein A, Kuralesova AI. Osteogenic precursor cells of bone marrow in radiation chimeras. Transplantation 1971; 12: 99-108&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. However, the term mesenchymal stem cells was proposed by Caplan and introduced to denote a type of cells that originated from adult bone marrow with a natural capacity for multipotential differentiation into diverse types of cells of mesenchymal origin &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells. J Orthop Res 1991; 9: 641-50&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
MSC cells are a heterogeneous population characterized by specific properties, i.e. the ability to self-renewal, the ability to differentiation into progenitor cells of a specific cell line involved in the regeneration of the damaged tissue in which they reside, and multipotency, i.e. the ability to differentiate into different types cells not only of mesodermal origin. Various types of tissue resident MSCs have been described in the literature and many reports indicate their biological features make these cells specific for the regeneration of the tissue from which they originate, however, their heterogeneity allows them to differentiate into different cell types &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, Jaiswal RK, Douglas R, Mosca JD, Moorman MA, Simonetti DW, Craig S, Marshak DR. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science. 1999 Apr 2;284(5411):143-7. doi: 10.1126/science.284.5411.143&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. Cells bearing the characteristics of MSCs have been isolated from many organs and tissues of the human body, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, skin, skeletal muscle, tendons, bones, liver, kidney, lung, spleen, pancreas, thymus, dental pulp, synovium and umbilical cords &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;da Silva Meirelles L, Chagastelles PC, Nardi NB. Mesenchymal stem cells reside in virtually all post-natal organs and tissues. J Cell Sci. 2006 Jun 1;119(Pt 11):2204-13. doi: 10.1242/jcs.02932. Epub 2006 May 9&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Tissue-Specific Progenitor Cells: Their Role in Tissue Homeostasis. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:4285215. doi: 10.1155/2016/4285215. Epub 2015 Dec 28&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
There are no specific markers to identify MSCs, however, irrespective of their tissue origin, MSCs isolated from various tissues are characterized as non-hematopoietic cells that can be identified by the presence of many common markers, including the CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105 and MHC class I antigens. MSCs do not express hematopoietic and endothelial markers on their surface, e.g. CD14, CD31, CD34, CD45, and lack of expression of MHC class II antigens and co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD80 and CD86, permitted their non-immunogenic properties. These biological features make MSCs isolated from adult tissues a promising source of cells for developing new therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicine  &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Pittenger MF, Discher DE, Péault BM, Phinney DG, Hare JM, Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cell perspective: cell biology to clinical progress. NPJ Regen Med. 2019 Dec 2;4:22. doi: 10.1038/s41536-019-0083-6&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Murphy MB, Moncivais K, Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells: environmentally responsive therapeutics for regenerative medicine. Exp Mol Med. 2013 Nov 15;45(11):e54. doi: 10.1038/emm.2013.94&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Rodríguez-Fuentes DE, Fernández-Garza LE, Samia-Meza JA, Barrera-Barrera SA, Caplan AI, Barrera-Saldaña HA. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Current Clinical Applications: A Systematic Review. Arch Med Res. 2021 Jan;52(1):93-101. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.08.006. Epub 2020 Sep 22&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Sources of mesenchymal stem cells=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Bone marrow''': abundant in MSCs capable of differentiation into many cell types, including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, hepatocytes etc. Bone marrow-derived MSCs are an attractive material for therapeutic purposes, although their differentiation potential depends on many factors, including the age of the donor, however, a certain limitation of obtaining MSC from the bone marrow is the procedure of their collection, which is an invasive method &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Prockop DJ. Marrow stromal cells as stem cells for nonhematopoietic tissues. Science. 1997 Apr 4;276(5309):71-4. doi: 10.1126/science.276.5309.71&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Dezawa M, Ishikawa H, Itokazu Y, Yoshihara T, Hoshino M, Takeda S, Ide C, Nabeshima Y. Bone marrow stromal cells generate muscle cells and repair muscle degeneration. Science. 2005 Jul 8;309(5732):314-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1110364&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Adipose tissue''': rich in MSCs that are highly proliferative, easily obtainable through liposuction, and capable of differentiating into cells of adipogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic and myogenic lineages.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Skeletal muscle''': distinct from the exclusively myogenic satellite cells, muscle-derived MSCs are capable of differentiation into cells of osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages , however, they are primarily used to repair skeletal muscle tissue. They are characterised by high self-renewal properties, and can be obtained by biopsy from any muscle of the body &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U, Kurpisz M. Muscle Stem/Progenitor Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Bone Marrow Origin for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Muscular Dystrophies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2018 Oct;66(5):341-354. doi: 10.1007/s00005-018-0509-7. Epub 2018 Mar 13&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Skin''': a source of highly proliferative cells, used especially for dermis regeneration, e.g. in treatment of extensive burns, but also capable of differentiation into myo-, adipo-, osteo- and chondrocytes, as well as neural and pancreatic cells. MSCs can be also isolated from hair follicles, which is probably the most easy and non-invasive way of obtaining stem cells; hair follicle MSCs can undergo adipogenesis and osteogenesis &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wang B, Liu XM, Liu ZN, Wang Y, Han X, Lian AB, Mu Y, Jin MH, Liu JY. Human hair follicle-derived mesenchymal stem cells: Isolation, expansion, and differentiation. World J Stem Cells. 2020 Jun 26;12(6):462-470. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i6.462&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Savkovic V, Li H, Obradovic D, Masieri FF, Bartella AK, Zimmerer R, Simon JC, Etz C, Lethaus B. The Angiogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from the Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheath. J Clin Med. 2021 Feb 26;10(5):911. doi: 10.3390/jcm10050911&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Dental pulp''': an easily accessible source of MSCs during dental surgeries. Dental pulp MSCs are usually used for bone and neural regeneration; their chondrogenic differentiation capacity is limited compared to other types of MSCs. However, some studies show a decrease in the proliferative activity of MSCs isolated from the dental pulp associated with the number of passages of cultivation time &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Anitua E, Troya M, Zalduendo M. Progress in the use of dental pulp stem cells in regenerative medicine. Cytotherapy. 2018 Apr;20(4):479-498. doi: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.12.011. Epub 2018 Feb 12&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Alraies A, Waddington RJ, Sloan AJ, Moseley R. Evaluation of Dental Pulp Stem Cell Heterogeneity and Behaviour in 3D Type I Collagen Gels. Biomed Res Int. 2020 Sep 10;2020:3034727. doi: 10.1155/2020/3034727&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
*'''Placenta''': abundant in MSCs characterised by high proliferation rates and strong immunosuppressive effects, capable of differentiation into e.g. hepatocytes or pancreatic cells &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wang L, Ott L, Seshareddy K, Weiss ML, Detamore MS. Musculoskeletal tissue engineering with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells. Regen Med. 2011 Jan;6(1):95-109. doi: 10.2217/rme.10.98&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Um S, Ha J, Choi SJ, Oh W, Jin HJ. Prospects for the therapeutic development of umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells. World J Stem Cells. 2020 Dec 26;12(12):1511-1528. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i12.1511&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Amniotic fluid''': MSCs originating from amniotic fluid are mainly used alongside surgery as autologous material to aid organ repair in treatment of congenital birth anomalies such as spina bifida, diaphragmatic hernia or cardiac defects. Amniotic fluid is accessible by needle aspiration, and only small quantities are necessary to establish a cell culture, as they have ability to proliferate rapidly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Bibliography=&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Translations:Mezenchymalne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/3/en&amp;diff=1192</id>
		<title>Translations:Mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste/3/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Translations:Mezenchymalne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/3/en&amp;diff=1192"/>
		<updated>2021-06-25T08:43:55Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;*'''Bone marrow''': abundant in MSCs capable of differentiation into many cell types, including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, hepatocytes etc. Bone marrow-derived MSCs are an attractive material for therapeutic purposes, although their differentiation potential depends on many factors, including the age of the donor, however, a certain limitation of obtaining MSC from the bone marrow is the procedure of their collection, which is an invasive method &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Prockop DJ. Marrow stromal cells as stem cells for nonhematopoietic tissues. Science. 1997 Apr 4;276(5309):71-4. doi: 10.1126/science.276.5309.71&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Dezawa M, Ishikawa H, Itokazu Y, Yoshihara T, Hoshino M, Takeda S, Ide C, Nabeshima Y. Bone marrow stromal cells generate muscle cells and repair muscle degeneration. Science. 2005 Jul 8;309(5732):314-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1110364&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Adipose tissue''': rich in MSCs that are highly proliferative, easily obtainable through liposuction, and capable of differentiating into cells of adipogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic and myogenic lineages.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Skeletal muscle''': distinct from the exclusively myogenic satellite cells, muscle-derived MSCs are capable of differentiation into cells of osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages , however, they are primarily used to repair skeletal muscle tissue. They are characterised by high self-renewal properties, and can be obtained by biopsy from any muscle of the body &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U, Kurpisz M. Muscle Stem/Progenitor Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Bone Marrow Origin for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Muscular Dystrophies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2018 Oct;66(5):341-354. doi: 10.1007/s00005-018-0509-7. Epub 2018 Mar 13&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Skin''': a source of highly proliferative cells, used especially for dermis regeneration, e.g. in treatment of extensive burns, but also capable of differentiation into myo-, adipo-, osteo- and chondrocytes, as well as neural and pancreatic cells. MSCs can be also isolated from hair follicles, which is probably the most easy and non-invasive way of obtaining stem cells; hair follicle MSCs can undergo adipogenesis and osteogenesis &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wang B, Liu XM, Liu ZN, Wang Y, Han X, Lian AB, Mu Y, Jin MH, Liu JY. Human hair follicle-derived mesenchymal stem cells: Isolation, expansion, and differentiation. World J Stem Cells. 2020 Jun 26;12(6):462-470. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i6.462&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Savkovic V, Li H, Obradovic D, Masieri FF, Bartella AK, Zimmerer R, Simon JC, Etz C, Lethaus B. The Angiogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from the Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheath. J Clin Med. 2021 Feb 26;10(5):911. doi: 10.3390/jcm10050911&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Dental pulp''': an easily accessible source of MSCs during dental surgeries. Dental pulp MSCs are usually used for bone and neural regeneration; their chondrogenic differentiation capacity is limited compared to other types of MSCs. However, some studies show a decrease in the proliferative activity of MSCs isolated from the dental pulp associated with the number of passages of cultivation time &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Anitua E, Troya M, Zalduendo M. Progress in the use of dental pulp stem cells in regenerative medicine. Cytotherapy. 2018 Apr;20(4):479-498. doi: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.12.011. Epub 2018 Feb 12&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Alraies A, Waddington RJ, Sloan AJ, Moseley R. Evaluation of Dental Pulp Stem Cell Heterogeneity and Behaviour in 3D Type I Collagen Gels. Biomed Res Int. 2020 Sep 10;2020:3034727. doi: 10.1155/2020/3034727&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
*'''Placenta''': abundant in MSCs characterised by high proliferation rates and strong immunosuppressive effects, capable of differentiation into e.g. hepatocytes or pancreatic cells &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wang L, Ott L, Seshareddy K, Weiss ML, Detamore MS. Musculoskeletal tissue engineering with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells. Regen Med. 2011 Jan;6(1):95-109. doi: 10.2217/rme.10.98&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Um S, Ha J, Choi SJ, Oh W, Jin HJ. Prospects for the therapeutic development of umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells. World J Stem Cells. 2020 Dec 26;12(12):1511-1528. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i12.1511&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Amniotic fluid''': MSCs originating from amniotic fluid are mainly used alongside surgery as autologous material to aid organ repair in treatment of congenital birth anomalies such as spina bifida, diaphragmatic hernia or cardiac defects. Amniotic fluid is accessible by needle aspiration, and only small quantities are necessary to establish a cell culture, as they have ability to proliferate rapidly.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Mezenchymalne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/en&amp;diff=1191</id>
		<title>Mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Mezenchymalne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/en&amp;diff=1191"/>
		<updated>2021-06-25T08:42:03Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;languages/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=Definition=&lt;br /&gt;
Mesenchymal stem cells, also known as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), are multipotent cells of mesodermal origin, residing in many tissues of the adult organism, capable of self-renewal and differentiation both into the cells of the tissue from which they originate and into other cells of mesenchymal and non-mesenchymal origin.&lt;br /&gt;
Mesenchymal stem / stromal cells have attracted special attention from the scientific world since their first isolation from the bone marrow by Friedenstein in the 1960s and have been described as adherent cells (adherent to the surface of plastic culture dishes) with a fibroblast-like morphology &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Friedenstein AJ, Petrakova KV, Kurolesova AI, Frolova GP. Heterotopic of bone marrow. Analysis of precursor cells for osteogenic and hematopoietic tissues. Transplantation 1968; 6: 230-47&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Friedenstein A, Kuralesova AI. Osteogenic precursor cells of bone marrow in radiation chimeras. Transplantation 1971; 12: 99-108&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. However, the term mesenchymal stem cells was proposed by Caplan and introduced to denote a type of cells that originated from adult bone marrow with a natural capacity for multipotential differentiation into diverse types of cells of mesenchymal origin &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells. J Orthop Res 1991; 9: 641-50&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
MSC cells are a heterogeneous population characterized by specific properties, i.e. the ability to self-renewal, the ability to differentiation into progenitor cells of a specific cell line involved in the regeneration of the damaged tissue in which they reside, and multipotency, i.e. the ability to differentiate into different types cells not only of mesodermal origin. Various types of tissue resident MSCs have been described in the literature and many reports indicate their biological features make these cells specific for the regeneration of the tissue from which they originate, however, their heterogeneity allows them to differentiate into different cell types &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, Jaiswal RK, Douglas R, Mosca JD, Moorman MA, Simonetti DW, Craig S, Marshak DR. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science. 1999 Apr 2;284(5411):143-7. doi: 10.1126/science.284.5411.143&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. Cells bearing the characteristics of MSCs have been isolated from many organs and tissues of the human body, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, skin, skeletal muscle, tendons, bones, liver, kidney, lung, spleen, pancreas, thymus, dental pulp, synovium and umbilical cords &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;da Silva Meirelles L, Chagastelles PC, Nardi NB. Mesenchymal stem cells reside in virtually all post-natal organs and tissues. J Cell Sci. 2006 Jun 1;119(Pt 11):2204-13. doi: 10.1242/jcs.02932. Epub 2006 May 9&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Tissue-Specific Progenitor Cells: Their Role in Tissue Homeostasis. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:4285215. doi: 10.1155/2016/4285215. Epub 2015 Dec 28&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
There are no specific markers to identify MSCs, however, irrespective of their tissue origin, MSCs isolated from various tissues are characterized as non-hematopoietic cells that can be identified by the presence of many common markers, including the CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105 and MHC class I antigens. MSCs do not express hematopoietic and endothelial markers on their surface, e.g. CD14, CD31, CD34, CD45, and lack of expression of MHC class II antigens and co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD80 and CD86, permitted their non-immunogenic properties. These biological features make MSCs isolated from adult tissues a promising source of cells for developing new therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicine  &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Pittenger MF, Discher DE, Péault BM, Phinney DG, Hare JM, Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cell perspective: cell biology to clinical progress. NPJ Regen Med. 2019 Dec 2;4:22. doi: 10.1038/s41536-019-0083-6&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Murphy MB, Moncivais K, Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells: environmentally responsive therapeutics for regenerative medicine. Exp Mol Med. 2013 Nov 15;45(11):e54. doi: 10.1038/emm.2013.94&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Rodríguez-Fuentes DE, Fernández-Garza LE, Samia-Meza JA, Barrera-Barrera SA, Caplan AI, Barrera-Saldaña HA. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Current Clinical Applications: A Systematic Review. Arch Med Res. 2021 Jan;52(1):93-101. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.08.006. Epub 2020 Sep 22&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Sources of mesenchymal stem cells=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;mw-translate-fuzzy&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Bone marrow''': abundant in MSCs capable of differentiation into many cell types, including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, hepatocytes etc. Bone marrow-derived MSCs are an attractive material for therapeutic purposes, although their differentiation potential depends on many factors, including the age of the donor, however, a certain limitation of obtaining MSC from the bone marrow is the procedure of their collection, which is an invasive method &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Prockop DJ. Marrow stromal cells as stem cells for nonhematopoietic tissues. Science. 1997 Apr 4;276(5309):71-4. doi: 10.1126/science.276.5309.71&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Dezawa M, Ishikawa H, Itokazu Y, Yoshihara T, Hoshino M, Takeda S, Ide C, Nabeshima Y. Bone marrow stromal cells generate muscle cells and repair muscle degeneration. Science. 2005 Jul 8;309(5732):314-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1110364&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Adipose tissue''': rich in MSCs that are highly proliferative, easily obtainable through liposuction, and capable of differentiating into cells of adipogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic and myogenic lineages &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Skeletal muscle''': distinct from the exclusively myogenic satellite cells, muscle-derived MSCs are capable of differentiation into cells of osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages , however, they are primarily used to repair skeletal muscle tissue. They are characterised by high self-renewal properties, and can be obtained by biopsy from any muscle of the body &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U, Kurpisz M. Muscle Stem/Progenitor Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Bone Marrow Origin for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Muscular Dystrophies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2018 Oct;66(5):341-354. doi: 10.1007/s00005-018-0509-7. Epub 2018 Mar 13&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Skin''': a source of highly proliferative cells, used especially for dermis regeneration, e.g. in treatment of extensive burns, but also capable of differentiation into myo-, adipo-, osteo- and chondrocytes, as well as neural and pancreatic cells. MSCs can be also isolated from hair follicles, which is probably the most easy and non-invasive way of obtaining stem cells; hair follicle MSCs can undergo adipogenesis and osteogenesis &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wang B, Liu XM, Liu ZN, Wang Y, Han X, Lian AB, Mu Y, Jin MH, Liu JY. Human hair follicle-derived mesenchymal stem cells: Isolation, expansion, and differentiation. World J Stem Cells. 2020 Jun 26;12(6):462-470. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i6.462&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Savkovic V, Li H, Obradovic D, Masieri FF, Bartella AK, Zimmerer R, Simon JC, Etz C, Lethaus B. The Angiogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from the Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheath. J Clin Med. 2021 Feb 26;10(5):911. doi: 10.3390/jcm10050911&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Dental pulp''': an easily accessible source of MSCs during dental surgeries. Dental pulp MSCs are usually used for bone and neural regeneration; their chondrogenic differentiation capacity is limited compared to other types of MSCs. However, some studies show a decrease in the proliferative activity of MSCs isolated from the dental pulp associated with the number of passages of cultivation time &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Anitua E, Troya M, Zalduendo M. Progress in the use of dental pulp stem cells in regenerative medicine. Cytotherapy. 2018 Apr;20(4):479-498. doi: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.12.011. Epub 2018 Feb 12&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Alraies A, Waddington RJ, Sloan AJ, Moseley R. Evaluation of Dental Pulp Stem Cell Heterogeneity and Behaviour in 3D Type I Collagen Gels. Biomed Res Int. 2020 Sep 10;2020:3034727. doi: 10.1155/2020/3034727&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
*'''Placenta''': abundant in MSCs characterised by high proliferation rates and strong immunosuppressive effects, capable of differentiation into e.g. hepatocytes or pancreatic cells &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wang L, Ott L, Seshareddy K, Weiss ML, Detamore MS. Musculoskeletal tissue engineering with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells. Regen Med. 2011 Jan;6(1):95-109. doi: 10.2217/rme.10.98&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Um S, Ha J, Choi SJ, Oh W, Jin HJ. Prospects for the therapeutic development of umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells. World J Stem Cells. 2020 Dec 26;12(12):1511-1528. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i12.1511&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Amniotic fluid''': MSCs originating from amniotic fluid are mainly used alongside surgery as autologous material to aid organ repair in treatment of congenital birth anomalies such as spina bifida, diaphragmatic hernia or cardiac defects. Amniotic fluid is accessible by needle aspiration, and only small quantities are necessary to establish a cell culture, as they have ability to proliferate rapidly.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Bibliography=&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Translations:Mezenchymalne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/1/en&amp;diff=1190</id>
		<title>Translations:Mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste/1/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Translations:Mezenchymalne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/1/en&amp;diff=1190"/>
		<updated>2021-06-25T08:42:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;=Definition=&lt;br /&gt;
Mesenchymal stem cells, also known as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), are multipotent cells of mesodermal origin, residing in many tissues of the adult organism, capable of self-renewal and differentiation both into the cells of the tissue from which they originate and into other cells of mesenchymal and non-mesenchymal origin.&lt;br /&gt;
Mesenchymal stem / stromal cells have attracted special attention from the scientific world since their first isolation from the bone marrow by Friedenstein in the 1960s and have been described as adherent cells (adherent to the surface of plastic culture dishes) with a fibroblast-like morphology &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Friedenstein AJ, Petrakova KV, Kurolesova AI, Frolova GP. Heterotopic of bone marrow. Analysis of precursor cells for osteogenic and hematopoietic tissues. Transplantation 1968; 6: 230-47&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Friedenstein A, Kuralesova AI. Osteogenic precursor cells of bone marrow in radiation chimeras. Transplantation 1971; 12: 99-108&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. However, the term mesenchymal stem cells was proposed by Caplan and introduced to denote a type of cells that originated from adult bone marrow with a natural capacity for multipotential differentiation into diverse types of cells of mesenchymal origin &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells. J Orthop Res 1991; 9: 641-50&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
MSC cells are a heterogeneous population characterized by specific properties, i.e. the ability to self-renewal, the ability to differentiation into progenitor cells of a specific cell line involved in the regeneration of the damaged tissue in which they reside, and multipotency, i.e. the ability to differentiate into different types cells not only of mesodermal origin. Various types of tissue resident MSCs have been described in the literature and many reports indicate their biological features make these cells specific for the regeneration of the tissue from which they originate, however, their heterogeneity allows them to differentiate into different cell types &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, Jaiswal RK, Douglas R, Mosca JD, Moorman MA, Simonetti DW, Craig S, Marshak DR. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science. 1999 Apr 2;284(5411):143-7. doi: 10.1126/science.284.5411.143&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. Cells bearing the characteristics of MSCs have been isolated from many organs and tissues of the human body, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, skin, skeletal muscle, tendons, bones, liver, kidney, lung, spleen, pancreas, thymus, dental pulp, synovium and umbilical cords &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;da Silva Meirelles L, Chagastelles PC, Nardi NB. Mesenchymal stem cells reside in virtually all post-natal organs and tissues. J Cell Sci. 2006 Jun 1;119(Pt 11):2204-13. doi: 10.1242/jcs.02932. Epub 2006 May 9&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Tissue-Specific Progenitor Cells: Their Role in Tissue Homeostasis. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:4285215. doi: 10.1155/2016/4285215. Epub 2015 Dec 28&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
There are no specific markers to identify MSCs, however, irrespective of their tissue origin, MSCs isolated from various tissues are characterized as non-hematopoietic cells that can be identified by the presence of many common markers, including the CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105 and MHC class I antigens. MSCs do not express hematopoietic and endothelial markers on their surface, e.g. CD14, CD31, CD34, CD45, and lack of expression of MHC class II antigens and co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD80 and CD86, permitted their non-immunogenic properties. These biological features make MSCs isolated from adult tissues a promising source of cells for developing new therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicine  &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Pittenger MF, Discher DE, Péault BM, Phinney DG, Hare JM, Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cell perspective: cell biology to clinical progress. NPJ Regen Med. 2019 Dec 2;4:22. doi: 10.1038/s41536-019-0083-6&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Murphy MB, Moncivais K, Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells: environmentally responsive therapeutics for regenerative medicine. Exp Mol Med. 2013 Nov 15;45(11):e54. doi: 10.1038/emm.2013.94&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Rodríguez-Fuentes DE, Fernández-Garza LE, Samia-Meza JA, Barrera-Barrera SA, Caplan AI, Barrera-Saldaña HA. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Current Clinical Applications: A Systematic Review. Arch Med Res. 2021 Jan;52(1):93-101. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.08.006. Epub 2020 Sep 22&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Mezenchymalne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste&amp;diff=1186</id>
		<title>Mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Mezenchymalne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste&amp;diff=1186"/>
		<updated>2021-06-25T08:40:41Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;languages/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;translate&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Definicja= &amp;lt;!--T:1--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste, zwane również komórkami zrębowymi (ang. mesenchymal stem /stromal cells - MSC) to multipotencjalne komórki pochodzenia mezodermalnego, rezydujące w wielu tkankach dorosłego organizmu, zdolne od samoodnowy i różnicowania zarówno do komórek tkanki, z której się wywodzą jak i do innych komórek pochodzenia mezenchymalnego i niemezenchymalnego .&lt;br /&gt;
Mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste / zrębowe skupiły szczególną uwagę świata nauki od czasu ich pierwszej izolacji ze szpiku kostnego przez Friedensteina w latach sześćdziesiątych XX wieku i zostały opisane jako komórki adherentne (przylegające do powierzchni naczyń hodowlanych) o morfologii podobnej do fibroblastów &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Friedenstein AJ, Petrakova KV, Kurolesova AI, Frolova GP. Heterotopic of bone marrow. Analysis of precursor cells for osteogenic and hematopoietic tissues. Transplantation 1968; 6: 230-47.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Friedenstein A, Kuralesova AI. Osteogenic precursor cells of bone marrow in radiation chimeras. Transplantation 1971; 12: 99-108.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. Jednak termin mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste został zaproponowany przez Caplana i wprowadzony w celu określenia rodzaju komórek pochodzących ze szpiku kostnego z naturalną zdolnością do multipotencjalnego różnicowania się w różne typy komórek pochodzenia mezenchymalnego &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells. J Orthop Res 1991; 9: 641-50.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
Komórki MSC to heterogenna populacja charakteryzująca się specyficznymi właściwościami tj.: zdolnością do samoodnawiania,  zdolnością do zapoczątkowania potomnych komórek progenitorowych ukierunkowanych na różnicowanie w określoną linię komórkową biorącą udział w regeneracji uszkodzonej tkanki, w której rezydują, oraz multipotencją  czyli zdolnością do różnicowania się w różne typy komórek nie tylko pochodzenia mezodermalnego. W literaturze opisano różne rodzaje MSC rezydujących w tkankach i wiele doniesień wskazuje na ich biologiczne cechy, która sprawiają, że komórki te  są specyficzne dla regeneracji tkanki, z której pochodzą, a ich heterogenność pozwala im różnicować się w różne typy komórek &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, Jaiswal RK, Douglas R, Mosca JD, Moorman MA, Simonetti DW, Craig S, Marshak DR. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science. 1999 Apr 2;284(5411):143-7. doi: 10.1126/science.284.5411.143.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. Komórki posiadające cechy MSC zostały wyizolowane z wielu narządów i tkanek ludzkiego organizmu, w tym ze szpiku kostnego, tkanki tłuszczowej, skóry, mięśni szkieletowych, ścięgien, kości, wątroby, nerek, płuc, śledziony, trzustki, grasicy, miazgi zębowej, błony maziowej i pępowiny &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;da Silva Meirelles L, Chagastelles PC, Nardi NB. Mesenchymal stem cells reside in virtually all post-natal organs and tissues. J Cell Sci. 2006 Jun 1;119(Pt 11):2204-13. doi: 10.1242/jcs.02932. Epub 2006 May 9. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Tissue-Specific Progenitor Cells: Their Role in Tissue Homeostasis. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:4285215. doi: 10.1155/2016/4285215. Epub 2015 Dec 28.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
Nie ma specyficznych markerów identyfikujących MSC, jednakże, niezależnie od pochodzenia tkankowego, MSC wyizolowane z różnych tkanek są charakteryzowane jako komórki niehematopoetyczne, które mogą być identyfikowane poprzez obecność wielu wspólnych markerów, w tym antygeny CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105 i MHC klasy I. MSC nie mają na swojej powierzchni  markerów hematopoetycznych i endotelialnych np. CD14, CD31, CD34, CD45, brak ekspresji antygenów MHC klasy II oraz brak cząsteczek kostymulujących CD40, CD80 i CD86, co warunkuje ich ograniczoną immunogenność.  Te cechy biologiczne sprawiają, że MSC izolowane z tkanek dorosłego organizmu są obiecującym źródłem komórek do opracowania nowych strategii terapeutycznych w medycynie regeneracyjnej &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Pittenger MF, Discher DE, Péault BM, Phinney DG, Hare JM, Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cell perspective: cell biology to clinical progress. NPJ Regen Med. 2019 Dec 2;4:22. doi: 10.1038/s41536-019-0083-6.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Murphy MB, Moncivais K, Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells: environmentally responsive therapeutics for regenerative medicine. Exp Mol Med. 2013 Nov 15;45(11):e54. doi: 10.1038/emm.2013.94.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Rodríguez-Fuentes DE, Fernández-Garza LE, Samia-Meza JA, Barrera-Barrera SA, Caplan AI, Barrera-Saldaña HA. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Current Clinical Applications: A Systematic Review. Arch Med Res. 2021 Jan;52(1):93-101. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.08.006. Epub 2020 Sep 22.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Źródła mezenchymalnych komórek macierzystych= &amp;lt;!--T:2--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!--T:3--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Szpik kostny'''. Zawiera MSC zdolne do różnicowania w wiele typów komórek, w tym osteoblasty, chondrocyty, hepatocyty i inne. MSC pochodzące ze szpiku kostnego stanowią atrakcyjny materiał dla celów terapeutycznych, chociaż ich potencjał różnicowania zależy od wielu czynników między innymi od wieku dawcy. Pewnym ograniczeniem pozyskiwania MSC ze szpiku jest procedura ich pobrania, która należy do metod inwazyjnych &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Prockop DJ. Marrow stromal cells as stem cells for nonhematopoietic tissues. Science. 1997 Apr 4;276(5309):71-4. doi: 10.1126/science.276.5309.71&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Dezawa M, Ishikawa H, Itokazu Y, Yoshihara T, Hoshino M, Takeda S, Ide C, Nabeshima Y. Bone marrow stromal cells generate muscle cells and repair muscle degeneration. Science. 2005 Jul 8;309(5732):314-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1110364&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
*'''Tkanka tłuszczowa'''. Bogata w MSC obdarzone wysoką zdolnością proliferacji, łatwe do pozyskania metodą liposukcji i różnicujące się w komórki tkanki tłuszczowej, kostnej, chrzęstnej oraz mięśniowej &lt;br /&gt;
*'''Mięsień szkieletowy'''. W odróżnieniu od unipotencjalnych komórek satelitowych, różnicujących się jedynie w komórki miogenne, MSC pochodzące z mięśni szkieletowych zdolne są także do osteo- oraz chondrogenezy, aczkolwiek stosowane są głównie do regeneracji tkanek mięśni szkieletowych. Charakteryzują się wysoką zdolnością odnawiania się i można je pozyskać metodą biopsji z dowolnego mięśnia pacjenta &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U, Kurpisz M. Muscle Stem/Progenitor Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Bone Marrow Origin for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Muscular Dystrophies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2018 Oct;66(5):341-354. doi: 10.1007/s00005-018-0509-7&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Skóra'''. Stanowi źródło komórek MSC o dużej zdolności proliferacyjnej. Najczęściej stosowane są w regeneracji tkanki, z której się wywodzą tj. skóry np. w leczeniu ciężkich rozległych oparzeń; są również zdolne do różnicowania w mio-, adipo-, osteo- oraz chondrocyty, a także komórki układu nerwowego lub trzustki.  MSC można także wyizolować z mieszków włosowych, co jest prawdopodobnie najłatwiejszą oraz najmniej inwazyjną metodą pozyskania komórek macierzystych; MSC z mieszka włosowego posiadają zdolność adipo- oraz osteogenezy  &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wang B, Liu XM, Liu ZN, Wang Y, Han X, Lian AB, Mu Y, Jin MH, Liu JY. Human hair follicle-derived mesenchymal stem cells: Isolation, expansion, and differentiation. World J Stem Cells. 2020 Jun 26;12(6):462-470. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i6.462&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Savkovic V, Li H, Obradovic D, Masieri FF, Bartella AK, Zimmerer R, Simon JC, Etz C, Lethaus B. The Angiogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from the Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheath. J Clin Med. 2021 Feb 26;10(5):911. doi: 10.3390/jcm10050911&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Miazga zęba'''. Ekstrakcja zębów jest jedną z powszechnie wykonywanych procedur dentystycznych, zatem miazga zęba może być łatwo dostępnym źródłem komórek macierzystych. MSC z miazgi zęba są najczęściej wykorzystywane do regeneracji tkanki kostnej lub nerwowej; natomiast ich zdolność do chondrogenezy jest ograniczona w porównaniu z innymi rodzajami MSC. Ponadto, niektóre badania wykazują spadek aktywności proliferacyjnej MSC izolowanych z miazgi zęba wraz z upływem czasu hodowli i liczby pasaży &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Anitua E, Troya M, Zalduendo M. Progress in the use of dental pulp stem cells in regenerative medicine. Cytotherapy. 2018 Apr;20(4):479-498. doi: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.12.011. Epub 2018 Feb 12&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Alraies A, Waddington RJ, Sloan AJ, Moseley R. Evaluation of Dental Pulp Stem Cell Heterogeneity and Behaviour in 3D Type I Collagen Gels. Biomed Res Int. 2020 Sep 10;2020:3034727. doi: 10.1155/2020/3034727&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Łożysko'''. Bogate źródło MSC charakteryzujących się wysokim tempem proliferacji oraz silnym efektem immunosupresyjnym. Jako jedne z niewielu, MSC pozyskane z łożyska są także zdolne do różnicowania w hepatocyty oraz komórki trzustki &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wang L, Ott L, Seshareddy K, Weiss ML, Detamore MS. Musculoskeletal tissue engineering with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells. Regen Med. 2011 Jan;6(1):95-109. doi: 10.2217/rme.10.98&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Um S, Ha J, Choi SJ, Oh W, Jin HJ. Prospects for the therapeutic development of umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells. World J Stem Cells. 2020 Dec 26;12(12):1511-1528. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i12.1511&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Płyn owodniowy'''. MSC pochodzące z płynu owodniowego najczęściej wykorzystuje się w układzie autologicznym, jako czynnik wspierający naprawę tkanek przy operacjach wrodzonych defektów takich jak rozszczep kręgosłupa, przepuklina przeponowa czy wady serca. Płyn owodniowy jest łatwy do pobrania za pomocą aspiracji; niewielka objętość jest wystarczająca dla założenia hodowli znajdujących się w nim komórek MSC, gdyż odznaczają się one wysokim tempem proliferacji.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Bibliografia= &amp;lt;!--T:4--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;/translate&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Mezenchymalne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste&amp;diff=1185</id>
		<title>Mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Mezenchymalne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste&amp;diff=1185"/>
		<updated>2021-06-25T08:38:45Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;languages/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;translate&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Definicja= &amp;lt;!--T:1--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste, zwane również komórkami zrębowymi (ang. mesenchymal stem /stromal cells - MSC) to multipotencjalne komórki pochodzenia mezodermalnego, rezydujące w wielu tkankach dorosłego organizmu, zdolne od samoodnowy i różnicowania zarówno do komórek tkanki, z której się wywodzą jak i do innych komórek pochodzenia mezenchymalnego i niemezenchymalnego .&lt;br /&gt;
Mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste / zrębowe skupiły szczególną uwagę świata nauki od czasu ich pierwszej izolacji ze szpiku kostnego przez Friedensteina w latach sześćdziesiątych XX wieku i zostały opisane jako komórki adherentne (przylegające do powierzchni naczyń hodowlanych) o morfologii podobnej do fibroblastów &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Friedenstein AJ, Petrakova KV, Kurolesova AI, Frolova GP. Heterotopic of bone marrow. Analysis of precursor cells for osteogenic and hematopoietic tissues. Transplantation 1968; 6: 230-47.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Friedenstein A, Kuralesova AI. Osteogenic precursor cells of bone marrow in radiation chimeras. Transplantation 1971; 12: 99-108.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. Jednak termin mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste został zaproponowany przez Caplana i wprowadzony w celu określenia rodzaju komórek pochodzących ze szpiku kostnego z naturalną zdolnością do multipotencjalnego różnicowania się w różne typy komórek pochodzenia mezenchymalnego &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells. J Orthop Res 1991; 9: 641-50.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
Komórki MSC to heterogenna populacja charakteryzująca się specyficznymi właściwościami tj.: zdolnością do samoodnawiania,  zdolnością do zapoczątkowania potomnych komórek progenitorowych ukierunkowanych na różnicowanie w określoną linię komórkową biorącą udział w regeneracji uszkodzonej tkanki, w której rezydują, oraz multipotencją  czyli zdolnością do różnicowania się w różne typy komórek nie tylko pochodzenia mezodermalnego. W literaturze opisano różne rodzaje MSC rezydujących w tkankach i wiele doniesień wskazuje na ich biologiczne cechy, która sprawiają, że komórki te  są specyficzne dla regeneracji tkanki, z której pochodzą, a ich heterogenność pozwala im różnicować się w różne typy komórek &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, Jaiswal RK, Douglas R, Mosca JD, Moorman MA, Simonetti DW, Craig S, Marshak DR. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science. 1999 Apr 2;284(5411):143-7. doi: 10.1126/science.284.5411.143.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. Komórki posiadające cechy MSC zostały wyizolowane z wielu narządów i tkanek ludzkiego organizmu, w tym ze szpiku kostnego, tkanki tłuszczowej, skóry, mięśni szkieletowych, ścięgien, kości, wątroby, nerek, płuc, śledziony, trzustki, grasicy, miazgi zębowej, błony maziowej i pępowiny &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;da Silva Meirelles L, Chagastelles PC, Nardi NB. Mesenchymal stem cells reside in virtually all post-natal organs and tissues. J Cell Sci. 2006 Jun 1;119(Pt 11):2204-13. doi: 10.1242/jcs.02932. Epub 2006 May 9. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Tissue-Specific Progenitor Cells: Their Role in Tissue Homeostasis. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:4285215. doi: 10.1155/2016/4285215. Epub 2015 Dec 28.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
Nie ma specyficznych markerów identyfikujących MSC, jednakże, niezależnie od pochodzenia tkankowego, MSC wyizolowane z różnych tkanek są charakteryzowane jako komórki niehematopoetyczne, które mogą być identyfikowane poprzez obecność wielu wspólnych markerów, w tym antygeny CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105 i MHC klasy I. MSC nie mają na swojej powierzchni  markerów hematopoetycznych i endotelialnych np. CD14, CD31, CD34, CD45, brak ekspresji antygenów MHC klasy II oraz brak cząsteczek kostymulujących CD40, CD80 i CD86, co warunkuje ich ograniczoną immunogenność.  Te cechy biologiczne sprawiają, że MSC izolowane z tkanek dorosłego organizmu są obiecującym źródłem komórek do opracowania nowych strategii terapeutycznych w medycynie regeneracyjnej &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U, Kurpisz M. Muscle Stem/Progenitor Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Bone Marrow Origin for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Muscular Dystrophies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2018 Oct;66(5):341-354. doi: 10.1007/s00005-018-0509-7. Epub 2018 Mar 13.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Pittenger MF, Discher DE, Péault BM, Phinney DG, Hare JM, Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cell perspective: cell biology to clinical progress. NPJ Regen Med. 2019 Dec 2;4:22. doi: 10.1038/s41536-019-0083-6.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Murphy MB, Moncivais K, Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells: environmentally responsive therapeutics for regenerative medicine. Exp Mol Med. 2013 Nov 15;45(11):e54. doi: 10.1038/emm.2013.94.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Rodríguez-Fuentes DE, Fernández-Garza LE, Samia-Meza JA, Barrera-Barrera SA, Caplan AI, Barrera-Saldaña HA. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Current Clinical Applications: A Systematic Review. Arch Med Res. 2021 Jan;52(1):93-101. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.08.006. Epub 2020 Sep 22.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Źródła mezenchymalnych komórek macierzystych= &amp;lt;!--T:2--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;!--T:3--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Szpik kostny'''. Zawiera MSC zdolne do różnicowania w wiele typów komórek, w tym osteoblasty, chondrocyty, hepatocyty i inne. MSC pochodzące ze szpiku kostnego stanowią atrakcyjny materiał dla celów terapeutycznych, chociaż ich potencjał różnicowania zależy od wielu czynników między innymi od wieku dawcy. Pewnym ograniczeniem pozyskiwania MSC ze szpiku jest procedura ich pobrania, która należy do metod inwazyjnych &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Prockop DJ. Marrow stromal cells as stem cells for nonhematopoietic tissues. Science. 1997 Apr 4;276(5309):71-4. doi: 10.1126/science.276.5309.71&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Dezawa M, Ishikawa H, Itokazu Y, Yoshihara T, Hoshino M, Takeda S, Ide C, Nabeshima Y. Bone marrow stromal cells generate muscle cells and repair muscle degeneration. Science. 2005 Jul 8;309(5732):314-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1110364&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
*'''Tkanka tłuszczowa'''. Bogata w MSC obdarzone wysoką zdolnością proliferacji, łatwe do pozyskania metodą liposukcji i różnicujące się w komórki tkanki tłuszczowej, kostnej, chrzęstnej oraz mięśniowej &lt;br /&gt;
*'''Mięsień szkieletowy'''. W odróżnieniu od unipotencjalnych komórek satelitowych, różnicujących się jedynie w komórki miogenne, MSC pochodzące z mięśni szkieletowych zdolne są także do osteo- oraz chondrogenezy, aczkolwiek stosowane są głównie do regeneracji tkanek mięśni szkieletowych. Charakteryzują się wysoką zdolnością odnawiania się i można je pozyskać metodą biopsji z dowolnego mięśnia pacjenta &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U, Kurpisz M. Muscle Stem/Progenitor Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Bone Marrow Origin for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Muscular Dystrophies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2018 Oct;66(5):341-354. doi: 10.1007/s00005-018-0509-7&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Skóra'''. Stanowi źródło komórek MSC o dużej zdolności proliferacyjnej. Najczęściej stosowane są w regeneracji tkanki, z której się wywodzą tj. skóry np. w leczeniu ciężkich rozległych oparzeń; są również zdolne do różnicowania w mio-, adipo-, osteo- oraz chondrocyty, a także komórki układu nerwowego lub trzustki.  MSC można także wyizolować z mieszków włosowych, co jest prawdopodobnie najłatwiejszą oraz najmniej inwazyjną metodą pozyskania komórek macierzystych; MSC z mieszka włosowego posiadają zdolność adipo- oraz osteogenezy  &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wang B, Liu XM, Liu ZN, Wang Y, Han X, Lian AB, Mu Y, Jin MH, Liu JY. Human hair follicle-derived mesenchymal stem cells: Isolation, expansion, and differentiation. World J Stem Cells. 2020 Jun 26;12(6):462-470. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i6.462&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Savkovic V, Li H, Obradovic D, Masieri FF, Bartella AK, Zimmerer R, Simon JC, Etz C, Lethaus B. The Angiogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from the Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheath. J Clin Med. 2021 Feb 26;10(5):911. doi: 10.3390/jcm10050911&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Miazga zęba'''. Ekstrakcja zębów jest jedną z powszechnie wykonywanych procedur dentystycznych, zatem miazga zęba może być łatwo dostępnym źródłem komórek macierzystych. MSC z miazgi zęba są najczęściej wykorzystywane do regeneracji tkanki kostnej lub nerwowej; natomiast ich zdolność do chondrogenezy jest ograniczona w porównaniu z innymi rodzajami MSC. Ponadto, niektóre badania wykazują spadek aktywności proliferacyjnej MSC izolowanych z miazgi zęba wraz z upływem czasu hodowli i liczby pasaży &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Anitua E, Troya M, Zalduendo M. Progress in the use of dental pulp stem cells in regenerative medicine. Cytotherapy. 2018 Apr;20(4):479-498. doi: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.12.011. Epub 2018 Feb 12&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Alraies A, Waddington RJ, Sloan AJ, Moseley R. Evaluation of Dental Pulp Stem Cell Heterogeneity and Behaviour in 3D Type I Collagen Gels. Biomed Res Int. 2020 Sep 10;2020:3034727. doi: 10.1155/2020/3034727&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Łożysko'''. Bogate źródło MSC charakteryzujących się wysokim tempem proliferacji oraz silnym efektem immunosupresyjnym. Jako jedne z niewielu, MSC pozyskane z łożyska są także zdolne do różnicowania w hepatocyty oraz komórki trzustki &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wang L, Ott L, Seshareddy K, Weiss ML, Detamore MS. Musculoskeletal tissue engineering with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells. Regen Med. 2011 Jan;6(1):95-109. doi: 10.2217/rme.10.98&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Um S, Ha J, Choi SJ, Oh W, Jin HJ. Prospects for the therapeutic development of umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells. World J Stem Cells. 2020 Dec 26;12(12):1511-1528. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i12.1511&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Płyn owodniowy'''. MSC pochodzące z płynu owodniowego najczęściej wykorzystuje się w układzie autologicznym, jako czynnik wspierający naprawę tkanek przy operacjach wrodzonych defektów takich jak rozszczep kręgosłupa, przepuklina przeponowa czy wady serca. Płyn owodniowy jest łatwy do pobrania za pomocą aspiracji; niewielka objętość jest wystarczająca dla założenia hodowli znajdujących się w nim komórek MSC, gdyż odznaczają się one wysokim tempem proliferacji.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Bibliografia= &amp;lt;!--T:4--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/translate&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Osteogeneza/en&amp;diff=1184</id>
		<title>Osteogeneza/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Osteogeneza/en&amp;diff=1184"/>
		<updated>2021-06-25T08:34:31Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;languages/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=Definition=&lt;br /&gt;
Osteogenesis is the process of bone tissue formation by multipotent stem cells of the third germ layer-origin - the mesoderm. A stem cell at an early stage of osteogenic development, after receiving a differentiation signal, becomes a bone tissue progenitor cell and loses the ability to differentiate into other cells of mesenchymal origin.&lt;br /&gt;
Osteogenesis is started during embryonal development (around week 8) and ends when the organism reaches maturity; in humans it occurs between the ages of 20 and 25.&lt;br /&gt;
The process of osteogenesis arising on the basis of the embryonic connective tissue (mesenchyme) is called ossification on the connective tissue substrate and takes place mainly during the formation of flat bones of the skull, mandible, maxilla and collarbones. In turn, for the growth of the long and short bones, and the natural healing of fractures is responsible  osteogenesis on the cartilage basis.&lt;br /&gt;
There are two main populations of bone cells with complementary activities - bone-forming cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes) and bone resorbing cells (osteoclasts)&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Jann J, Gascon S, Roux S, Faucheux N. Influence of the TGF-β Superfamily on Osteoclasts/Osteoblasts Balance in Physiological and Pathological Bone Conditions. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Oct 14;21(20):7597. doi:  10.3390/ijms21207597&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
Osteoblasts are the precursor cells of osteogenesis. Osteoblasts are originate from two embryonic cell populations: mesenchymal stromal cells or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, Jaiswal RK, Douglas R, Mosca JD, Moorman MA, Simonetti DW, Craig S, Marshak DR. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science. 1999 Apr 2;284(5411):143-7. doi: 10.1126/science.284.5411.143&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. The differentiation of MSCs into osteoblasts depends on the activity of many cytokines and growth factors (e.g. BMP, TGF-β, FGF, IGF) and on the activation of transcription factors inducing the osteogenesis process (Osterix, Runx2 )&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gromolak S, Krawczenko A, Antończyk A, Buczak K, Kiełbowicz Z, Klimczak A. Biological Characteristics and Osteogenic Differentiation of Ovine Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Stimulated with FGF-2 and BMP-2. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Dec 20;21(24):9726. doi: 10.3390/ijms21249726&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Huntley R, Jensen E, Gopalakrishnan R, Mansky KC. Bone morphogenetic proteins: Their role in regulating osteoclast differentiation. Bone Rep. 2019 May 5;10:100207. doi: 10.1016/j.bonr.2019.100207&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Nakashima K, Zhou X, Kunkel G, Zhang Z, Deng JM, Behringer RR, de Crombrugghe B. The novel zinc finger-containing transcription factor osterix is required for osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Cell. 2002 Jan 11;108(1):17-29. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00622-5&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Linkhart TA, Mohan S, Baylink DJ. Growth factors for bone growth and repair: IGF, TGF beta and BMP. Bone. 1996 Jul;19(1 Suppl):1S-12S. doi: 10.1016/s8756-3282(96)00138-x&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. MSC differentiate into osteoblasts, which produce type I collagen and proteoglycans that form the extracellular matrix of bone tissue. Osteoblasts also produce proteins and glycoproteins involved in bone mineralization: osteonectin, osteocalcin, and osteopontin. After the maturation process, osteoblasts form osteocytes and their function is primarily the exchange of nutrients and metabolites. Moreover, osteoblasts indirectly regulate the formation of osteoclasts responsible for bone resorption and remodeling through osteoblast-to-osteoclast communication, paracrine signaling, and cell-bone matrix interaction. Maintaining a balance in the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts is essential in bone homeostasis and in the process of bone remodeling, and in the bone fractures repair. An imbalance in their activity leads to diseases such as osteoporosis and Paget's disease, which have a significant impact on the quality of life of patients.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Bibliography=&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Translations:Osteogeneza/2/en&amp;diff=1183</id>
		<title>Translations:Osteogeneza/2/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Translations:Osteogeneza/2/en&amp;diff=1183"/>
		<updated>2021-06-25T08:34:31Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;=Definition=&lt;br /&gt;
Osteogenesis is the process of bone tissue formation by multipotent stem cells of the third germ layer-origin - the mesoderm. A stem cell at an early stage of osteogenic development, after receiving a differentiation signal, becomes a bone tissue progenitor cell and loses the ability to differentiate into other cells of mesenchymal origin.&lt;br /&gt;
Osteogenesis is started during embryonal development (around week 8) and ends when the organism reaches maturity; in humans it occurs between the ages of 20 and 25.&lt;br /&gt;
The process of osteogenesis arising on the basis of the embryonic connective tissue (mesenchyme) is called ossification on the connective tissue substrate and takes place mainly during the formation of flat bones of the skull, mandible, maxilla and collarbones. In turn, for the growth of the long and short bones, and the natural healing of fractures is responsible  osteogenesis on the cartilage basis.&lt;br /&gt;
There are two main populations of bone cells with complementary activities - bone-forming cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes) and bone resorbing cells (osteoclasts)&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Jann J, Gascon S, Roux S, Faucheux N. Influence of the TGF-β Superfamily on Osteoclasts/Osteoblasts Balance in Physiological and Pathological Bone Conditions. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Oct 14;21(20):7597. doi:  10.3390/ijms21207597&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
Osteoblasts are the precursor cells of osteogenesis. Osteoblasts are originate from two embryonic cell populations: mesenchymal stromal cells or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, Jaiswal RK, Douglas R, Mosca JD, Moorman MA, Simonetti DW, Craig S, Marshak DR. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science. 1999 Apr 2;284(5411):143-7. doi: 10.1126/science.284.5411.143&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. The differentiation of MSCs into osteoblasts depends on the activity of many cytokines and growth factors (e.g. BMP, TGF-β, FGF, IGF) and on the activation of transcription factors inducing the osteogenesis process (Osterix, Runx2 )&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gromolak S, Krawczenko A, Antończyk A, Buczak K, Kiełbowicz Z, Klimczak A. Biological Characteristics and Osteogenic Differentiation of Ovine Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Stimulated with FGF-2 and BMP-2. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Dec 20;21(24):9726. doi: 10.3390/ijms21249726&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Huntley R, Jensen E, Gopalakrishnan R, Mansky KC. Bone morphogenetic proteins: Their role in regulating osteoclast differentiation. Bone Rep. 2019 May 5;10:100207. doi: 10.1016/j.bonr.2019.100207&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Nakashima K, Zhou X, Kunkel G, Zhang Z, Deng JM, Behringer RR, de Crombrugghe B. The novel zinc finger-containing transcription factor osterix is required for osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Cell. 2002 Jan 11;108(1):17-29. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00622-5&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Linkhart TA, Mohan S, Baylink DJ. Growth factors for bone growth and repair: IGF, TGF beta and BMP. Bone. 1996 Jul;19(1 Suppl):1S-12S. doi: 10.1016/s8756-3282(96)00138-x&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. MSC differentiate into osteoblasts, which produce type I collagen and proteoglycans that form the extracellular matrix of bone tissue. Osteoblasts also produce proteins and glycoproteins involved in bone mineralization: osteonectin, osteocalcin, and osteopontin. After the maturation process, osteoblasts form osteocytes and their function is primarily the exchange of nutrients and metabolites. Moreover, osteoblasts indirectly regulate the formation of osteoclasts responsible for bone resorption and remodeling through osteoblast-to-osteoclast communication, paracrine signaling, and cell-bone matrix interaction. Maintaining a balance in the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts is essential in bone homeostasis and in the process of bone remodeling, and in the bone fractures repair. An imbalance in their activity leads to diseases such as osteoporosis and Paget's disease, which have a significant impact on the quality of life of patients.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Osteogeneza&amp;diff=1179</id>
		<title>Osteogeneza</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Osteogeneza&amp;diff=1179"/>
		<updated>2021-06-25T08:33:35Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;languages/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;translate&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Definicja= &amp;lt;!--T:2--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Osteogenezą nazywamy proces tworzenia tkanki kostnej przez multipotencjalne komórki macierzyste trzeciego listka zarodkowego – mezodermy. Komórka macierzysta we wczesnym stadium rozwoju osteogennego, po otrzymaniu sygnału różnicowania, staje się komórką progenitorową tkanki kostnej i traci zdolność różnicowania w kierunku innych komórek pochodzenia mezenchymalnego. Osteogeneza rozpoczyna się w życiu płodowym (ok. 8 tygodnia), a kończy się po osiągnięciu przez organizm dojrzałości; u człowieka następuje to pomiędzy 20 a 25 rokiem życia.&lt;br /&gt;
Proces osteogenezy powstający na bazie tkanki łącznej zarodkowej (mezenchymy) nazywamy kostnieniem na podłożu łącznotkankowym i zachodzi głównie podczas formowania płaskich kości czaszki, żuchwy, podniebienia i obojczyków. Z kolei, za wzrost pozostałych kości m.in. długich i krótkich oraz naturalne gojenie złamań odpowiada osteogeneza na podłożu chrzęstnym. W osteogenezie kluczowe są dwie populacje komórek kostnych o uzupełniających się aktywnościach - komórki tworzące kości (osteoblasty, osteocyty) oraz komórki resorbujące kość (osteoklasty) &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Jann J, Gascon S, Roux S, Faucheux N. Influence of the TGF-β Superfamily on Osteoclasts/Osteoblasts Balance in Physiological and Pathological Bone Conditions. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Oct 14;21(20):7597. doi: 10.3390/ijms21207597&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
Prekursorowymi komórkami osteogenezy są osteoblasty. Osteoblasty pochodzą z dwóch embrionalnych populacji komórkowych: mezenchymalnych komórek zrębowych lub mezenchymalnych komórek macierzystych (MSC)&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, Jaiswal RK, Douglas R, Mosca JD, Moorman MA, Simonetti DW, Craig S, Marshak DR. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science. 1999 Apr 2;284(5411):143-7. doi: 10.1126/science.284.5411.143&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. Różnicowanie MSC do osteoblastów zależy od aktywności wielu cytokin i czynników wzrostu  (np. BMP, TGF-β , FGF, IGF) oraz od aktywacji czynników transkrypcyjnych indukujących proces osteogenezy (Osterix, Runx2) &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gromolak S, Krawczenko A, Antończyk A, Buczak K, Kiełbowicz Z, Klimczak A. Biological Characteristics and Osteogenic Differentiation of Ovine Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Stimulated with FGF-2 and BMP-2. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Dec 20;21(24):9726. doi: 10.3390/ijms21249726&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Huntley R, Jensen E, Gopalakrishnan R, Mansky KC. Bone morphogenetic proteins: Their role in regulating osteoclast differentiation. Bone Rep. 2019 May 5;10:100207. doi: 10.1016/j.bonr.2019.100207&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Nakashima K, Zhou X, Kunkel G, Zhang Z, Deng JM, Behringer RR, de Crombrugghe B. The novel zinc finger-containing transcription factor osterix is required for osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Cell. 2002 Jan 11;108(1):17-29. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00622-5&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Linkhart TA, Mohan S, Baylink DJ. Growth factors for bone growth and repair: IGF, TGF beta and BMP. Bone. 1996 Jul;19(1 Suppl):1S-12S. doi: 10.1016/s8756-3282(96)00138-x&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. MSC differentiate into osteoblasts, which produce type I collagen and proteoglycans that form the extracellular matrix of bone tissue. Osteoblasts also produce proteins and glycoproteins involved in bone mineralization: osteonectin, osteocalcin, and osteopontin. After the maturation process, osteoblasts form osteocytes and their function is primarily the exchange of nutrients and metabolites. Moreover, osteoblasts indirectly regulate the formation of osteoclasts responsible for bone resorption and remodeling through osteoblast-to-osteoclast communication, paracrine signaling, and cell-bone matrix interaction. Maintaining a balance in the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts is essential in bone homeostasis and in the process of bone remodeling, and in the bone fractures repair. An imbalance in their activity leads to diseases such as osteoporosis and Paget's disease, which have a significant impact on the quality of life of patients.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Bibliografia= &amp;lt;!--T:3--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/translate&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/en&amp;diff=1178</id>
		<title>Komórki macierzyste/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/en&amp;diff=1178"/>
		<updated>2021-06-25T08:31:43Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;languages/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Definiton=&lt;br /&gt;
Stem cells are primary, unspecialized cells, which are characterized with unlimited self-renewal capacity and differentiation into specialized descendant progenitor cells forming tissues and organs. Stem cells exist both in embryos and adult organism. The proper function of the organism depends on tissue homeostasis, and the maintenance of  [[homeostaza/en|homeostasis]] is related with  stem cell pool, that balances the number of somatic cells in the body. In every organ of the organism systematically appears new cells, which maturate and differentiate into organ-specific cells, and after fulfilling their specific biological function they undergo into programmed cell death called [[apoptoza/en|apoptosis]]. Stem cells, residing in the [[nisza komórek macierzystych/en|stem cell niche]] of a given organ, receive signals from the microenvironment of damaged tissue and initiate the repair process leading to tissue regeneration.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Stem Cell Types= &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Totipotent stem cells''' –  they are the most primordial cells – the only type of cells capable to differentiate into all types of embryonic cells and form whole organism. They arise as a result of fertilization forming zygote and then in further developmental process they create the blastomers. Totipotent stem cells are capable to form both embryo and extra-embryonic structures such as placenta connecting the embryo with the mothers organism.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Pluripotent stem cells''' – these cells are descendants of totipotent stem cells and can give rise to cells of the three germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. The cells are capable to organize and form any tissue (except placenta) in the process of embryogenesis. Along with fetal development and formation of individual tissue structures, the cells lose their pluripotent character in favor of tissue-specific character. The pluripotent cells can be found only during embryonic development and they are unable to go back into totipotent cells.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Multipotent stem cells'''– the cells are characterized with ability to differentiate and form tissue within one of the three germ layers&lt;br /&gt;
#*The first germ layer (ectoderm) – nerve, epithelium, skin appendages,&lt;br /&gt;
#*The second germ layer (endoderm) – digestive system, respiratory system, endocrine system, urinary tract, sense organs,&lt;br /&gt;
#*The third germ layer (mesoderm) – bone, cartilage, skeletal muscle, smooth muscles, heart muscle, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue. The example of multipotent cells of third germ layer are  [[mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste/en|Mesenchymal Stem Cells]]. Multipotent cells reside in [[nisza komórek macierzystych/en|the stem cell niches]], and their number usually decreases with age and with the body's ability to renew itself.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Unipotent stem cells'''– specialized cells with a preserved ability to divide (unlike mature cells), capable to form one cell types of given definite tissue. The example of unipotent stem cells are satellite cells capable to differentiate into myoblasts and then myocytes forming myofibres of skeletal muscle. Another example are osteoblasts capable to differentiate into osteocytes and form bone tissue. The tissue resident unipotent cells respond to damage signals from local environment by activation and starting the process of tissue regeneration.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Zakrzewski W, Dobrzyński M, Szymonowicz M, Rybak Z. Stem cells: past, present, and future. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019 Feb 26;10(1):68. doi: 10.1186/s13287-019-1165-5 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Classification of stem cell types by source of origin=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Embryonic Stem Cells (ESC)''' – derived from embryo cells (totipotent stem cells) or inner cell mass (pluripotent stem cells), they are able to differentiate into all type of cells of whole organism. However, the use of embryonic stem cells for therapeutic purpose arise ethical concerns, therefore their application should not be considered in regenerative medicine.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Fetal and Perinatal Stem Cells''' – can be acquired from cord blood, cord tissue and postpartum placenta - their natural reservoir. In standard conditions the perinatal tissues are discarded according to medical procedures. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; In 't Anker PS, Scherjon SA, Kleijburg-van der Keur C, de Groot-Swings GM, Claas FH, Fibbe WE, Kanhai HH. Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells of fetal or maternal origin from human placenta. Stem Cells. 2004;22(7):1338-45. doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0058 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Miao Z, Jin J, Chen L, Zhu J, Huang W, Zhao J, Qian H, Zhang X. Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from human placenta: comparison with human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Biol Int. 2006 Sep;30(9):681-7. doi: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2006.03.009 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Corrao S, La Rocca G, Lo Iacono M, Corsello T, Farina F, Anzalone R. Umbilical cord revisited: from Wharton's jelly myofibroblasts to mesenchymal stem cells. Histol Histopathol. 2013 Oct;28(10):1235-44. doi: 10.14670/HH-28.1235 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Kwon A, Kim Y, Kim M, Kim J, Choi H, Jekarl DW, Lee S, Kim JM, Shin JC, Park IY. Tissue-specific Differentiation Potency of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Perinatal Tissues. Sci Rep. 2016 Apr 5;6:23544. doi: 10.1038/srep23544 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
# '''[[Somatyczne komórki macierzyste/en|Somatic Stem Cells]]'''– cells residing in the adult body responsible for tissues regeneration. These are multipotent stem cells (eg. hematopoietic cells) as well as unipotent cells (eg. satellite cells of skeletal muscle). The acquisition of [[somatyczne komórki macierzyste/en|somatic stem cells]] is well documented &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Crisan M, Yap S, Casteilla L, Chen CW, Corselli M, Park TS, Andriolo G, Sun B, Zheng B, Zhang L, Norotte C, Teng PN, Traas J, Schugar R, Deasy BM, Badylak S, Buhring HJ, Giacobino JP, Lazzari L, Huard J, Péault B. A perivascular origin for mesenchymal stem cells in multiple human organs. Cell Stem Cell. 2008 Sep 11;3(3):301-13. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.07.003 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Murray IR, West CC, Hardy WR, James AW, Park TS, Nguyen A, Tawonsawatruk T, Lazzari L, Soo C, Péault B. Natural history of mesenchymal stem cells, from vessel walls to culture vessels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2014 Apr;71(8):1353-74. doi: 10.1007/s00018-013-1462-6 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Elahi KC, Klein G, Avci-Adali M, Sievert KD, MacNeil S, Aicher WK. Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Different Sources Diverge in Their Expression of Cell Surface Proteins and Display Distinct Differentiation Patterns. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:5646384. doi: 10.1155/2016/5646384 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Dumont NA, Rudnicki MA. Characterizing Satellite Cells and Myogenic Progenitors During Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1560:179-188. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6788-9_12 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Klimczak A, Kozlowska U. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Tissue-Specific Progenitor Cells: Their Role in Tissue Homeostasis. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:4285215. doi: 10.1155/2016/4285215 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and many of them have found application in cellular therapies eg. hematopoietic cell transplantation in the hematological disorders.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Bibliography=&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Translations:Kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/8/en&amp;diff=1177</id>
		<title>Translations:Komórki macierzyste/8/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Translations:Kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/8/en&amp;diff=1177"/>
		<updated>2021-06-25T08:31:43Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;# '''Totipotent stem cells''' –  they are the most primordial cells – the only type of cells capable to differentiate into all types of embryonic cells and form whole organism. They arise as a result of fertilization forming zygote and then in further developmental process they create the blastomers. Totipotent stem cells are capable to form both embryo and extra-embryonic structures such as placenta connecting the embryo with the mothers organism.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Pluripotent stem cells''' – these cells are descendants of totipotent stem cells and can give rise to cells of the three germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. The cells are capable to organize and form any tissue (except placenta) in the process of embryogenesis. Along with fetal development and formation of individual tissue structures, the cells lose their pluripotent character in favor of tissue-specific character. The pluripotent cells can be found only during embryonic development and they are unable to go back into totipotent cells.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Multipotent stem cells'''– the cells are characterized with ability to differentiate and form tissue within one of the three germ layers&lt;br /&gt;
#*The first germ layer (ectoderm) – nerve, epithelium, skin appendages,&lt;br /&gt;
#*The second germ layer (endoderm) – digestive system, respiratory system, endocrine system, urinary tract, sense organs,&lt;br /&gt;
#*The third germ layer (mesoderm) – bone, cartilage, skeletal muscle, smooth muscles, heart muscle, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue. The example of multipotent cells of third germ layer are  [[mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste/en|Mesenchymal Stem Cells]]. Multipotent cells reside in [[nisza komórek macierzystych/en|the stem cell niches]], and their number usually decreases with age and with the body's ability to renew itself.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Unipotent stem cells'''– specialized cells with a preserved ability to divide (unlike mature cells), capable to form one cell types of given definite tissue. The example of unipotent stem cells are satellite cells capable to differentiate into myoblasts and then myocytes forming myofibres of skeletal muscle. Another example are osteoblasts capable to differentiate into osteocytes and form bone tissue. The tissue resident unipotent cells respond to damage signals from local environment by activation and starting the process of tissue regeneration.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Zakrzewski W, Dobrzyński M, Szymonowicz M, Rybak Z. Stem cells: past, present, and future. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019 Feb 26;10(1):68. doi: 10.1186/s13287-019-1165-5 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/en&amp;diff=1175</id>
		<title>Komórki macierzyste/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/en&amp;diff=1175"/>
		<updated>2021-06-25T08:27:01Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: Utworzono nową stronę &amp;quot;# '''Totipotent stem cells''' –  they are the most primordial cells – the only type of cells capable to differentiate into all types of embryonic cells and form whol...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;languages/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Definiton=&lt;br /&gt;
Stem cells are primary, unspecialized cells, which are characterized with unlimited self-renewal capacity and differentiation into specialized descendant progenitor cells forming tissues and organs. Stem cells exist both in embryos and adult organism. The proper function of the organism depends on tissue homeostasis, and the maintenance of  [[homeostaza/en|homeostasis]] is related with  stem cell pool, that balances the number of somatic cells in the body. In every organ of the organism systematically appears new cells, which maturate and differentiate into organ-specific cells, and after fulfilling their specific biological function they undergo into programmed cell death called [[apoptoza/en|apoptosis]]. Stem cells, residing in the [[nisza komórek macierzystych/en|stem cell niche]] of a given organ, receive signals from the microenvironment of damaged tissue and initiate the repair process leading to tissue regeneration.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Stem Cell Types= &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Totipotent stem cells''' –  they are the most primordial cells – the only type of cells capable to differentiate into all types of embryonic cells and form whole organism. They arise as a result of fertilization forming zygote and then in further developmental process they create the blastomers. Totipotent stem cells are capable to form both embryo and extra-embryonic structures such as placenta connecting the embryo with the mothers organism.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Pluripotent stem cells''' – these cells are descendants of totipotent stem cells and can give rise to cells of the three germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. The cells are capable to organize and form any tissue (except placenta) in the process of embryogenesis. Along with fetal development and formation of individual tissue structures, the cells lose their pluripotent character in favor of tissue-specific character. The pluripotent cells can be found only during embryonic development and they are unable to go back into totipotent cells.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Multipotent stem cells'''– the cells are characterized with ability to differentiate and form tissue within one of the three germ layers&lt;br /&gt;
#*The first germ layer (ectoderm) – nerve, epithelium, skin appendages,&lt;br /&gt;
#*The second germ layer (endoderm) – digestive system, respiratory system, endocrine system, urinary tract, sense organs,&lt;br /&gt;
#*The third germ layer (mesoderm) – bone, cartilage, skeletal muscle, smooth muscles, heart muscle, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue. The example of multipotent cells of third germ layer are  [[mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste/en|Mesenchymal Stem Cells]]. Multipotent cells reside in cellular niches, and their number usually decreases with age and with the body's ability to renew itself.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Unipotent stem cells'''– specialized cells with a preserved ability to divide (unlike mature cells), capable to form one cell types of given definite tissue. The example of unipotent stem cells are satellite cells capable to differentiate into myoblasts and then myocytes forming myofibres of skeletal muscle. Another example are osteoblasts capable to differentiate into osteocytes and form bone tissue. The tissue resident unipotent cells respond to damage signals from local environment by activation and starting the process of tissue regeneration.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Zakrzewski W, Dobrzyński M, Szymonowicz M, Rybak Z. Stem cells: past, present, and future. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019 Feb 26;10(1):68. doi: 10.1186/s13287-019-1165-5 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Classification of stem cell types by source of origin=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Embryonic Stem Cells (ESC)''' – derived from embryo cells (totipotent stem cells) or inner cell mass (pluripotent stem cells), they are able to differentiate into all type of cells of whole organism. However, the use of embryonic stem cells for therapeutic purpose arise ethical concerns, therefore their application should not be considered in regenerative medicine.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Fetal and Perinatal Stem Cells''' – can be acquired from cord blood, cord tissue and postpartum placenta - their natural reservoir. In standard conditions the perinatal tissues are discarded according to medical procedures. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; In 't Anker PS, Scherjon SA, Kleijburg-van der Keur C, de Groot-Swings GM, Claas FH, Fibbe WE, Kanhai HH. Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells of fetal or maternal origin from human placenta. Stem Cells. 2004;22(7):1338-45. doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0058 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Miao Z, Jin J, Chen L, Zhu J, Huang W, Zhao J, Qian H, Zhang X. Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from human placenta: comparison with human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Biol Int. 2006 Sep;30(9):681-7. doi: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2006.03.009 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Corrao S, La Rocca G, Lo Iacono M, Corsello T, Farina F, Anzalone R. Umbilical cord revisited: from Wharton's jelly myofibroblasts to mesenchymal stem cells. Histol Histopathol. 2013 Oct;28(10):1235-44. doi: 10.14670/HH-28.1235 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Kwon A, Kim Y, Kim M, Kim J, Choi H, Jekarl DW, Lee S, Kim JM, Shin JC, Park IY. Tissue-specific Differentiation Potency of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Perinatal Tissues. Sci Rep. 2016 Apr 5;6:23544. doi: 10.1038/srep23544 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
# '''[[Somatyczne komórki macierzyste/en|Somatic Stem Cells]]'''– cells residing in the adult body responsible for tissues regeneration. These are multipotent stem cells (eg. hematopoietic cells) as well as unipotent cells (eg. satellite cells of skeletal muscle). The acquisition of [[somatyczne komórki macierzyste/en|somatic stem cells]] is well documented &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Crisan M, Yap S, Casteilla L, Chen CW, Corselli M, Park TS, Andriolo G, Sun B, Zheng B, Zhang L, Norotte C, Teng PN, Traas J, Schugar R, Deasy BM, Badylak S, Buhring HJ, Giacobino JP, Lazzari L, Huard J, Péault B. A perivascular origin for mesenchymal stem cells in multiple human organs. Cell Stem Cell. 2008 Sep 11;3(3):301-13. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.07.003 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Murray IR, West CC, Hardy WR, James AW, Park TS, Nguyen A, Tawonsawatruk T, Lazzari L, Soo C, Péault B. Natural history of mesenchymal stem cells, from vessel walls to culture vessels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2014 Apr;71(8):1353-74. doi: 10.1007/s00018-013-1462-6 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Elahi KC, Klein G, Avci-Adali M, Sievert KD, MacNeil S, Aicher WK. Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Different Sources Diverge in Their Expression of Cell Surface Proteins and Display Distinct Differentiation Patterns. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:5646384. doi: 10.1155/2016/5646384 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Dumont NA, Rudnicki MA. Characterizing Satellite Cells and Myogenic Progenitors During Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1560:179-188. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6788-9_12 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Klimczak A, Kozlowska U. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Tissue-Specific Progenitor Cells: Their Role in Tissue Homeostasis. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:4285215. doi: 10.1155/2016/4285215 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and many of them have found application in cellular therapies eg. hematopoietic cell transplantation in the hematological disorders.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Bibliography=&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Translations:Kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/8/en&amp;diff=1174</id>
		<title>Translations:Komórki macierzyste/8/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Translations:Kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/8/en&amp;diff=1174"/>
		<updated>2021-06-25T08:27:01Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: Utworzono nową stronę &amp;quot;# '''Totipotent stem cells''' –  they are the most primordial cells – the only type of cells capable to differentiate into all types of embryonic cells and form whol...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;# '''Totipotent stem cells''' –  they are the most primordial cells – the only type of cells capable to differentiate into all types of embryonic cells and form whole organism. They arise as a result of fertilization forming zygote and then in further developmental process they create the blastomers. Totipotent stem cells are capable to form both embryo and extra-embryonic structures such as placenta connecting the embryo with the mothers organism.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Pluripotent stem cells''' – these cells are descendants of totipotent stem cells and can give rise to cells of the three germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. The cells are capable to organize and form any tissue (except placenta) in the process of embryogenesis. Along with fetal development and formation of individual tissue structures, the cells lose their pluripotent character in favor of tissue-specific character. The pluripotent cells can be found only during embryonic development and they are unable to go back into totipotent cells.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Multipotent stem cells'''– the cells are characterized with ability to differentiate and form tissue within one of the three germ layers&lt;br /&gt;
#*The first germ layer (ectoderm) – nerve, epithelium, skin appendages,&lt;br /&gt;
#*The second germ layer (endoderm) – digestive system, respiratory system, endocrine system, urinary tract, sense organs,&lt;br /&gt;
#*The third germ layer (mesoderm) – bone, cartilage, skeletal muscle, smooth muscles, heart muscle, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue. The example of multipotent cells of third germ layer are  [[mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste/en|Mesenchymal Stem Cells]]. Multipotent cells reside in cellular niches, and their number usually decreases with age and with the body's ability to renew itself.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Unipotent stem cells'''– specialized cells with a preserved ability to divide (unlike mature cells), capable to form one cell types of given definite tissue. The example of unipotent stem cells are satellite cells capable to differentiate into myoblasts and then myocytes forming myofibres of skeletal muscle. Another example are osteoblasts capable to differentiate into osteocytes and form bone tissue. The tissue resident unipotent cells respond to damage signals from local environment by activation and starting the process of tissue regeneration.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Zakrzewski W, Dobrzyński M, Szymonowicz M, Rybak Z. Stem cells: past, present, and future. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019 Feb 26;10(1):68. doi: 10.1186/s13287-019-1165-5 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/en&amp;diff=1173</id>
		<title>Komórki macierzyste/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/en&amp;diff=1173"/>
		<updated>2021-06-25T08:20:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: UWAGA! Zastąpienie treści hasła bardzo krótkim tekstem: „=Bibliography=”&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;languages/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Definiton=&lt;br /&gt;
Stem cells are primary, unspecialized cells, which are characterized with unlimited self-renewal capacity and differentiation into specialized descendant progenitor cells forming tissues and organs. Stem cells exist both in embryos and adult organism. The proper function of the organism depends on tissue homeostasis, and the maintenance of  [[homeostaza/en|homeostasis]] is related with  stem cell pool, that balances the number of somatic cells in the body. In every organ of the organism systematically appears new cells, which maturate and differentiate into organ-specific cells, and after fulfilling their specific biological function they undergo into programmed cell death called [[apoptoza/en|apoptosis]]. Stem cells, residing in the [[nisza komórek macierzystych/en|stem cell niche]] of a given organ, receive signals from the microenvironment of damaged tissue and initiate the repair process leading to tissue regeneration.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Stem Cell Types= &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Komórki totipotencjalne''' – najbardziej pierwotne komórki, są to jedyne komórki w organizmie zdolne do różnicowania się do każdego typu embrionalnych komórek somatycznych i powstania całego organizmu. Powstają w wyniku zapłodnienia tworząc zygotę a następnie w dalszym procesie rozwojowym tworzą blastomery. Są zdolne do tworzenia łożyska, łączącego płód z organizmem matki.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Komórki pluripotencjalne''' – są to komórki potomne totipotencjalnych komórek macierzystych i mogą dać początek komórkom trzech listków zarodkowych: ektodermy, endodermy i mezodermy. Komórki te są zdolne do organizowania się i tworzenia dowolnej tkanki w procesie embriogenezy (z wyjątkiem komórek łożyska). Wraz z rozwojem płodu i formowaniem się odrębnych struktur tkankowych, komórki pluripotencjalne tracą zdolność do zróżnicowania się w dowolny typ komórek somatycznych na rzecz komórek tkankowo-specyficznych. Komórki pluripotencjalne można spotkać tylko podczas rozwoju embrionalnego, nie mogą jedynie przekształcić się powrotnie w komórki totipotencjalne.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Komórki multipotencjalne''' – to komórki charakteryzujące się zdolnością do tworzenia tkanek w obrębie jednego z trzech listków zarodkowych&lt;br /&gt;
#* Pierwszy listek zarodkowy (ektoderma) – tkanka nerwowa, tkanka nabłonkowa, przydatki skórne,&lt;br /&gt;
#* Drugi listek zarodkowy (endoderma) – układ trawienny, układ oddechowy, układ endokrynny, układ moczowy, narządy zmysłów,&lt;br /&gt;
#* Trzeci listek zarodkowy (mezoderma) – tkanka kostna, tkanka chrzęstna, mięśnie szkieletowe, mięśnie gładkie, mięsień sercowy, ścięgna, więzadła, tkanka tłuszczowa. Przykładem multipotencjalnych komórek trzeciego listka zarodkowego są [[mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste|mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste]] (ang. mesenchymal stem cells - MSC). Komórki multipotencjalne rezydują w [[nisza komórek macierzystych|niszach komórek macierzystych]] a ich liczba zwykle maleje wraz z wiekiem i wraz ze zdolnością do samoodnowy organizmu.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Komórki unipotencjalne'''&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; – komórki wyspecjalizowane do różnicowania się w kierunku zdefiniowanych komórek danej tkanki z zachowaną zdolnością do podziałów (w przeciwieństwie do komórek dojrzałych). Przykładem komórek unipotencjalnych są np. komórki satelitowe mięśni szkieletowych różnicujące się do mioblastów a następnie do miocytów - dojrzałych komórek mięśniowych, lub osteoblasty różnicujące się w komórki tworzące kość. Komórki unipotencjalne rezydują w tkankach i odpowiadają na sygnały związane z uszkodzeniem tkanki poprzez ich aktywację i następową regenerację tkanki.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Zakrzewski W, Dobrzyński M, Szymonowicz M, Rybak Z. Stem cells: past, present, and future. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019 Feb 26;10(1):68. doi: 10.1186/s13287-019-1165-5 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Classification of stem cell types by source of origin=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Embryonic Stem Cells (ESC)''' – derived from embryo cells (totipotent stem cells) or inner cell mass (pluripotent stem cells), they are able to differentiate into all type of cells of whole organism. However, the use of embryonic stem cells for therapeutic purpose arise ethical concerns, therefore their application should not be considered in regenerative medicine.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Fetal and Perinatal Stem Cells''' – can be acquired from cord blood, cord tissue and postpartum placenta - their natural reservoir. In standard conditions the perinatal tissues are discarded according to medical procedures. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; In 't Anker PS, Scherjon SA, Kleijburg-van der Keur C, de Groot-Swings GM, Claas FH, Fibbe WE, Kanhai HH. Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells of fetal or maternal origin from human placenta. Stem Cells. 2004;22(7):1338-45. doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0058 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Miao Z, Jin J, Chen L, Zhu J, Huang W, Zhao J, Qian H, Zhang X. Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from human placenta: comparison with human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Biol Int. 2006 Sep;30(9):681-7. doi: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2006.03.009 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Corrao S, La Rocca G, Lo Iacono M, Corsello T, Farina F, Anzalone R. Umbilical cord revisited: from Wharton's jelly myofibroblasts to mesenchymal stem cells. Histol Histopathol. 2013 Oct;28(10):1235-44. doi: 10.14670/HH-28.1235 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Kwon A, Kim Y, Kim M, Kim J, Choi H, Jekarl DW, Lee S, Kim JM, Shin JC, Park IY. Tissue-specific Differentiation Potency of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Perinatal Tissues. Sci Rep. 2016 Apr 5;6:23544. doi: 10.1038/srep23544 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
# '''[[Somatyczne komórki macierzyste/en|Somatic Stem Cells]]'''– cells residing in the adult body responsible for tissues regeneration. These are multipotent stem cells (eg. hematopoietic cells) as well as unipotent cells (eg. satellite cells of skeletal muscle). The acquisition of [[somatyczne komórki macierzyste/en|somatic stem cells]] is well documented &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Crisan M, Yap S, Casteilla L, Chen CW, Corselli M, Park TS, Andriolo G, Sun B, Zheng B, Zhang L, Norotte C, Teng PN, Traas J, Schugar R, Deasy BM, Badylak S, Buhring HJ, Giacobino JP, Lazzari L, Huard J, Péault B. A perivascular origin for mesenchymal stem cells in multiple human organs. Cell Stem Cell. 2008 Sep 11;3(3):301-13. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.07.003 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Murray IR, West CC, Hardy WR, James AW, Park TS, Nguyen A, Tawonsawatruk T, Lazzari L, Soo C, Péault B. Natural history of mesenchymal stem cells, from vessel walls to culture vessels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2014 Apr;71(8):1353-74. doi: 10.1007/s00018-013-1462-6 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Elahi KC, Klein G, Avci-Adali M, Sievert KD, MacNeil S, Aicher WK. Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Different Sources Diverge in Their Expression of Cell Surface Proteins and Display Distinct Differentiation Patterns. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:5646384. doi: 10.1155/2016/5646384 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Dumont NA, Rudnicki MA. Characterizing Satellite Cells and Myogenic Progenitors During Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1560:179-188. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6788-9_12 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Klimczak A, Kozlowska U. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Tissue-Specific Progenitor Cells: Their Role in Tissue Homeostasis. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:4285215. doi: 10.1155/2016/4285215 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and many of them have found application in cellular therapies eg. hematopoietic cell transplantation in the hematological disorders.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Bibliography=&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Translations:Kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/4/en&amp;diff=1172</id>
		<title>Translations:Komórki macierzyste/4/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Translations:Kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/4/en&amp;diff=1172"/>
		<updated>2021-06-25T08:20:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: UWAGA! Zastąpienie treści hasła bardzo krótkim tekstem: „=Bibliography=”&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;=Bibliography=&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/en&amp;diff=1171</id>
		<title>Komórki macierzyste/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/en&amp;diff=1171"/>
		<updated>2021-06-25T08:19:29Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: Utworzono nową stronę &amp;quot;# '''Embryonic Stem Cells (ESC)''' – derived from embryo cells (totipotent stem cells) or inner cell mass (pluripotent stem cells), they are able to differentiate into...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;languages/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Definiton=&lt;br /&gt;
Stem cells are primary, unspecialized cells, which are characterized with unlimited self-renewal capacity and differentiation into specialized descendant progenitor cells forming tissues and organs. Stem cells exist both in embryos and adult organism. The proper function of the organism depends on tissue homeostasis, and the maintenance of  [[homeostaza/en|homeostasis]] is related with  stem cell pool, that balances the number of somatic cells in the body. In every organ of the organism systematically appears new cells, which maturate and differentiate into organ-specific cells, and after fulfilling their specific biological function they undergo into programmed cell death called [[apoptoza/en|apoptosis]]. Stem cells, residing in the [[nisza komórek macierzystych/en|stem cell niche]] of a given organ, receive signals from the microenvironment of damaged tissue and initiate the repair process leading to tissue regeneration.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Stem Cell Types= &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Komórki totipotencjalne''' – najbardziej pierwotne komórki, są to jedyne komórki w organizmie zdolne do różnicowania się do każdego typu embrionalnych komórek somatycznych i powstania całego organizmu. Powstają w wyniku zapłodnienia tworząc zygotę a następnie w dalszym procesie rozwojowym tworzą blastomery. Są zdolne do tworzenia łożyska, łączącego płód z organizmem matki.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Komórki pluripotencjalne''' – są to komórki potomne totipotencjalnych komórek macierzystych i mogą dać początek komórkom trzech listków zarodkowych: ektodermy, endodermy i mezodermy. Komórki te są zdolne do organizowania się i tworzenia dowolnej tkanki w procesie embriogenezy (z wyjątkiem komórek łożyska). Wraz z rozwojem płodu i formowaniem się odrębnych struktur tkankowych, komórki pluripotencjalne tracą zdolność do zróżnicowania się w dowolny typ komórek somatycznych na rzecz komórek tkankowo-specyficznych. Komórki pluripotencjalne można spotkać tylko podczas rozwoju embrionalnego, nie mogą jedynie przekształcić się powrotnie w komórki totipotencjalne.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Komórki multipotencjalne''' – to komórki charakteryzujące się zdolnością do tworzenia tkanek w obrębie jednego z trzech listków zarodkowych&lt;br /&gt;
#* Pierwszy listek zarodkowy (ektoderma) – tkanka nerwowa, tkanka nabłonkowa, przydatki skórne,&lt;br /&gt;
#* Drugi listek zarodkowy (endoderma) – układ trawienny, układ oddechowy, układ endokrynny, układ moczowy, narządy zmysłów,&lt;br /&gt;
#* Trzeci listek zarodkowy (mezoderma) – tkanka kostna, tkanka chrzęstna, mięśnie szkieletowe, mięśnie gładkie, mięsień sercowy, ścięgna, więzadła, tkanka tłuszczowa. Przykładem multipotencjalnych komórek trzeciego listka zarodkowego są [[mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste|mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste]] (ang. mesenchymal stem cells - MSC). Komórki multipotencjalne rezydują w [[nisza komórek macierzystych|niszach komórek macierzystych]] a ich liczba zwykle maleje wraz z wiekiem i wraz ze zdolnością do samoodnowy organizmu.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Komórki unipotencjalne'''&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; – komórki wyspecjalizowane do różnicowania się w kierunku zdefiniowanych komórek danej tkanki z zachowaną zdolnością do podziałów (w przeciwieństwie do komórek dojrzałych). Przykładem komórek unipotencjalnych są np. komórki satelitowe mięśni szkieletowych różnicujące się do mioblastów a następnie do miocytów - dojrzałych komórek mięśniowych, lub osteoblasty różnicujące się w komórki tworzące kość. Komórki unipotencjalne rezydują w tkankach i odpowiadają na sygnały związane z uszkodzeniem tkanki poprzez ich aktywację i następową regenerację tkanki.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Zakrzewski W, Dobrzyński M, Szymonowicz M, Rybak Z. Stem cells: past, present, and future. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019 Feb 26;10(1):68. doi: 10.1186/s13287-019-1165-5 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Classification of stem cell types by source of origin=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Embryonic Stem Cells (ESC)''' – derived from embryo cells (totipotent stem cells) or inner cell mass (pluripotent stem cells), they are able to differentiate into all type of cells of whole organism. However, the use of embryonic stem cells for therapeutic purpose arise ethical concerns, therefore their application should not be considered in regenerative medicine.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Fetal and Perinatal Stem Cells''' – can be acquired from cord blood, cord tissue and postpartum placenta - their natural reservoir. In standard conditions the perinatal tissues are discarded according to medical procedures. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; In 't Anker PS, Scherjon SA, Kleijburg-van der Keur C, de Groot-Swings GM, Claas FH, Fibbe WE, Kanhai HH. Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells of fetal or maternal origin from human placenta. Stem Cells. 2004;22(7):1338-45. doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0058 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Miao Z, Jin J, Chen L, Zhu J, Huang W, Zhao J, Qian H, Zhang X. Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from human placenta: comparison with human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Biol Int. 2006 Sep;30(9):681-7. doi: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2006.03.009 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Corrao S, La Rocca G, Lo Iacono M, Corsello T, Farina F, Anzalone R. Umbilical cord revisited: from Wharton's jelly myofibroblasts to mesenchymal stem cells. Histol Histopathol. 2013 Oct;28(10):1235-44. doi: 10.14670/HH-28.1235 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Kwon A, Kim Y, Kim M, Kim J, Choi H, Jekarl DW, Lee S, Kim JM, Shin JC, Park IY. Tissue-specific Differentiation Potency of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Perinatal Tissues. Sci Rep. 2016 Apr 5;6:23544. doi: 10.1038/srep23544 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
# '''[[Somatyczne komórki macierzyste/en|Somatic Stem Cells]]'''– cells residing in the adult body responsible for tissues regeneration. These are multipotent stem cells (eg. hematopoietic cells) as well as unipotent cells (eg. satellite cells of skeletal muscle). The acquisition of [[somatyczne komórki macierzyste/en|somatic stem cells]] is well documented &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Crisan M, Yap S, Casteilla L, Chen CW, Corselli M, Park TS, Andriolo G, Sun B, Zheng B, Zhang L, Norotte C, Teng PN, Traas J, Schugar R, Deasy BM, Badylak S, Buhring HJ, Giacobino JP, Lazzari L, Huard J, Péault B. A perivascular origin for mesenchymal stem cells in multiple human organs. Cell Stem Cell. 2008 Sep 11;3(3):301-13. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.07.003 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Murray IR, West CC, Hardy WR, James AW, Park TS, Nguyen A, Tawonsawatruk T, Lazzari L, Soo C, Péault B. Natural history of mesenchymal stem cells, from vessel walls to culture vessels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2014 Apr;71(8):1353-74. doi: 10.1007/s00018-013-1462-6 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Elahi KC, Klein G, Avci-Adali M, Sievert KD, MacNeil S, Aicher WK. Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Different Sources Diverge in Their Expression of Cell Surface Proteins and Display Distinct Differentiation Patterns. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:5646384. doi: 10.1155/2016/5646384 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Dumont NA, Rudnicki MA. Characterizing Satellite Cells and Myogenic Progenitors During Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1560:179-188. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6788-9_12 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Klimczak A, Kozlowska U. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Tissue-Specific Progenitor Cells: Their Role in Tissue Homeostasis. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:4285215. doi: 10.1155/2016/4285215 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and many of them have found application in cellular therapies eg. hematopoietic cell transplantation in the hematological disorders.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Embryonic Stem Cells (ESC)''' – derived from embryo cells (totipotent stem cells) or inner cell mass (pluripotent stem cells), they are able to differentiate into all type of cells of whole organism. However, the use of embryonic stem cells for therapeutic purpose arise ethical concerns, therefore their application should not be considered in regenerative medicine.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Zakrzewski W, Dobrzyński M, Szymonowicz M, Rybak Z. Stem cells: past, present, and future. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019 Feb 26;10(1):68. doi: 10.1186/s13287-019-1165-5.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Fetal and Perinatal Stem Cells''' – can be acquired from cord blood, cord tissue and postpartum placenta - their natural reservoir. In standard conditions the perinatal tissues are discarded  according to medical procedures.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;In 't Anker PS, Scherjon SA, Kleijburg-van der Keur C, de Groot-Swings GM, Claas FH, Fibbe WE, Kanhai HH. Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells of fetal or maternal origin from human placenta. Stem Cells. 2004;22(7):1338-45. doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0058.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Miao Z, Jin J, Chen L, Zhu J, Huang W, Zhao J, Qian H, Zhang X. Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from human placenta: comparison with human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Biol Int. 2006 Sep;30(9):681-7. doi: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2006.03.009. Epub 2006 Apr 22.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Corrao S, La Rocca G, Lo Iacono M, Corsello T, Farina F, Anzalone R. Umbilical cord revisited: from Wharton's jelly myofibroblasts to mesenchymal stem cells. Histol Histopathol. 2013 Oct;28(10):1235-44. doi: 10.14670/HH-28.1235. Epub 2013 Apr 18.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kwon A, Kim Y, Kim M, Kim J, Choi H, Jekarl DW, Lee S, Kim JM, Shin JC, Park IY. Tissue-specific Differentiation Potency of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Perinatal Tissues. Sci Rep. 2016 Apr 5;6:23544. doi: 10.1038/srep23544.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# '''[[Somatyczne komórki macierzyste/en|Somatic Stem Cells]]'''– mature cells residing in the adult body and are responsible for tissues regeneration. These are multipotent stem cells (eg. hematopoietic cells) as well as unipotent cells (eg. satellite cells of skeletal muscle). The acquisition of [[somatyczne komórki macierzyste/en|somatic stem cells]] is well documented and many of them have found application in cellular therapies e.g. hematopoietic cell transplantation in the hematological disorders.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Crisan M, Yap S, Casteilla L, Chen CW, Corselli M, Park TS, Andriolo G, Sun B, Zheng B, Zhang L, Norotte C, Teng PN, Traas J, Schugar R, Deasy BM, Badylak S, Buhring HJ, Giacobino JP, Lazzari L, Huard J, Péault B. A perivascular origin for mesenchymal stem cells in multiple human organs. Cell Stem Cell. 2008 Sep 11;3(3):301-13. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.07.003.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Murray IR, West CC, Hardy WR, James AW, Park TS, Nguyen A, Tawonsawatruk T, Lazzari L, Soo C, Péault B. Natural history of mesenchymal stem cells, from vessel walls to culture vessels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2014 Apr;71(8):1353-74. doi: 10.1007/s00018-013-1462-6. Epub 2013 Oct 25.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Elahi KC, Klein G, Avci-Adali M, Sievert KD, MacNeil S, Aicher WK. Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Different Sources Diverge in Their Expression of Cell Surface Proteins and Display Distinct Differentiation Patterns. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:5646384. doi: 10.1155/2016/5646384. Epub 2015 Dec 6.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Dumont NA, Rudnicki MA. Characterizing Satellite Cells and Myogenic Progenitors During Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1560:179-188. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6788-9_12.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Tissue-Specific Progenitor Cells: Their Role in Tissue Homeostasis. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:4285215. doi: 10.1155/2016/4285215. Epub 2015 Dec 28.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Translations:Kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/9/en&amp;diff=1170</id>
		<title>Translations:Komórki macierzyste/9/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Translations:Kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/9/en&amp;diff=1170"/>
		<updated>2021-06-25T08:19:29Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: Utworzono nową stronę &amp;quot;# '''Embryonic Stem Cells (ESC)''' – derived from embryo cells (totipotent stem cells) or inner cell mass (pluripotent stem cells), they are able to differentiate into...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;# '''Embryonic Stem Cells (ESC)''' – derived from embryo cells (totipotent stem cells) or inner cell mass (pluripotent stem cells), they are able to differentiate into all type of cells of whole organism. However, the use of embryonic stem cells for therapeutic purpose arise ethical concerns, therefore their application should not be considered in regenerative medicine.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Fetal and Perinatal Stem Cells''' – can be acquired from cord blood, cord tissue and postpartum placenta - their natural reservoir. In standard conditions the perinatal tissues are discarded according to medical procedures. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; In 't Anker PS, Scherjon SA, Kleijburg-van der Keur C, de Groot-Swings GM, Claas FH, Fibbe WE, Kanhai HH. Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells of fetal or maternal origin from human placenta. Stem Cells. 2004;22(7):1338-45. doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0058 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Miao Z, Jin J, Chen L, Zhu J, Huang W, Zhao J, Qian H, Zhang X. Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from human placenta: comparison with human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Biol Int. 2006 Sep;30(9):681-7. doi: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2006.03.009 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Corrao S, La Rocca G, Lo Iacono M, Corsello T, Farina F, Anzalone R. Umbilical cord revisited: from Wharton's jelly myofibroblasts to mesenchymal stem cells. Histol Histopathol. 2013 Oct;28(10):1235-44. doi: 10.14670/HH-28.1235 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Kwon A, Kim Y, Kim M, Kim J, Choi H, Jekarl DW, Lee S, Kim JM, Shin JC, Park IY. Tissue-specific Differentiation Potency of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Perinatal Tissues. Sci Rep. 2016 Apr 5;6:23544. doi: 10.1038/srep23544 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
# '''[[Somatyczne komórki macierzyste/en|Somatic Stem Cells]]'''– cells residing in the adult body responsible for tissues regeneration. These are multipotent stem cells (eg. hematopoietic cells) as well as unipotent cells (eg. satellite cells of skeletal muscle). The acquisition of [[somatyczne komórki macierzyste/en|somatic stem cells]] is well documented &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Crisan M, Yap S, Casteilla L, Chen CW, Corselli M, Park TS, Andriolo G, Sun B, Zheng B, Zhang L, Norotte C, Teng PN, Traas J, Schugar R, Deasy BM, Badylak S, Buhring HJ, Giacobino JP, Lazzari L, Huard J, Péault B. A perivascular origin for mesenchymal stem cells in multiple human organs. Cell Stem Cell. 2008 Sep 11;3(3):301-13. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.07.003 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Murray IR, West CC, Hardy WR, James AW, Park TS, Nguyen A, Tawonsawatruk T, Lazzari L, Soo C, Péault B. Natural history of mesenchymal stem cells, from vessel walls to culture vessels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2014 Apr;71(8):1353-74. doi: 10.1007/s00018-013-1462-6 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Elahi KC, Klein G, Avci-Adali M, Sievert KD, MacNeil S, Aicher WK. Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Different Sources Diverge in Their Expression of Cell Surface Proteins and Display Distinct Differentiation Patterns. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:5646384. doi: 10.1155/2016/5646384 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Dumont NA, Rudnicki MA. Characterizing Satellite Cells and Myogenic Progenitors During Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1560:179-188. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6788-9_12 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Klimczak A, Kozlowska U. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Tissue-Specific Progenitor Cells: Their Role in Tissue Homeostasis. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:4285215. doi: 10.1155/2016/4285215 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and many of them have found application in cellular therapies eg. hematopoietic cell transplantation in the hematological disorders.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste&amp;diff=1165</id>
		<title>Komórki macierzyste</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste&amp;diff=1165"/>
		<updated>2021-06-25T08:11:29Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: Oznaczono tę wersję do tłumaczenia&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;languages/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;translate&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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=Definicja= &amp;lt;!--T:1--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Komórki macierzyste, nazywane również komórkami pnia (ang. stem cells), to pierwotne, niewyspecjalizowane komórki, które mają nieograniczoną zdolność do samoodnowy oraz różnicowania się w wyspecjalizowane komórki potomne tworzące tkanki i narządy. Komórki macierzyste są obecne zarówno w zarodkach, jak i w dorosłym organizmie. Poprawne funkcjonowanie organizmu zależne jest od homeostazy tkankowej a utrzymanie [[homeostaza|homeostazy]] związane jest z pulą komórek macierzystych utrzymującą w równowadze liczbę komórek somatycznych organizmu. W każdym narządzie organizmu systematycznie powstają nowe komórki, które dojrzewają, różnicują się w wyspecjalizowane komórki danego narządu a po wypełnieniu swojej funkcji biologicznej giną w procesie [[apoptoza|apoptozy]]. Komórki macierzyste, rezydujące w [[nisza komórek macierzystych|niszy komórek macierzystych]] danego narządu, otrzymują sygnały z otoczenia uszkodzonej tkanki i rozpoczynają proces naprawy prowadzący do regeneracji tkanek.&lt;br /&gt;
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=Rodzaje komórek macierzystych= &amp;lt;!--T:2--&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;!--T:8--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Komórki totipotencjalne''' – najbardziej pierwotne komórki, są to jedyne komórki w organizmie zdolne do różnicowania się do każdego typu embrionalnych komórek somatycznych i powstania całego organizmu. Powstają w wyniku zapłodnienia tworząc zygotę a następnie w dalszym procesie rozwojowym tworzą blastomery. Są zdolne do tworzenia łożyska, łączącego płód z organizmem matki.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Komórki pluripotencjalne''' – są to komórki potomne totipotencjalnych komórek macierzystych i mogą dać początek komórkom trzech listków zarodkowych: ektodermy, endodermy i mezodermy. Komórki te są zdolne do organizowania się i tworzenia dowolnej tkanki w procesie embriogenezy (z wyjątkiem komórek łożyska). Wraz z rozwojem płodu i formowaniem się odrębnych struktur tkankowych, komórki pluripotencjalne tracą zdolność do zróżnicowania się w dowolny typ komórek somatycznych na rzecz komórek tkankowo-specyficznych. Komórki pluripotencjalne można spotkać tylko podczas rozwoju embrionalnego, nie mogą jedynie przekształcić się powrotnie w komórki totipotencjalne.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Komórki multipotencjalne''' – to komórki charakteryzujące się zdolnością do tworzenia tkanek w obrębie jednego z trzech listków zarodkowych&lt;br /&gt;
#* Pierwszy listek zarodkowy (ektoderma) – tkanka nerwowa, tkanka nabłonkowa, przydatki skórne,&lt;br /&gt;
#* Drugi listek zarodkowy (endoderma) – układ trawienny, układ oddechowy, układ endokrynny, układ moczowy, narządy zmysłów,&lt;br /&gt;
#* Trzeci listek zarodkowy (mezoderma) – tkanka kostna, tkanka chrzęstna, mięśnie szkieletowe, mięśnie gładkie, mięsień sercowy, ścięgna, więzadła, tkanka tłuszczowa. Przykładem multipotencjalnych komórek trzeciego listka zarodkowego są [[mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste|mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste]] (ang. mesenchymal stem cells - MSC). Komórki multipotencjalne rezydują w [[nisza komórek macierzystych|niszach komórek macierzystych]] a ich liczba zwykle maleje wraz z wiekiem i wraz ze zdolnością do samoodnowy organizmu.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Komórki unipotencjalne'''&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; – komórki wyspecjalizowane do różnicowania się w kierunku zdefiniowanych komórek danej tkanki z zachowaną zdolnością do podziałów (w przeciwieństwie do komórek dojrzałych). Przykładem komórek unipotencjalnych są np. komórki satelitowe mięśni szkieletowych różnicujące się do mioblastów a następnie do miocytów - dojrzałych komórek mięśniowych, lub osteoblasty różnicujące się w komórki tworzące kość. Komórki unipotencjalne rezydują w tkankach i odpowiadają na sygnały związane z uszkodzeniem tkanki poprzez ich aktywację i następową regenerację tkanki.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Zakrzewski W, Dobrzyński M, Szymonowicz M, Rybak Z. Stem cells: past, present, and future. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019 Feb 26;10(1):68. doi: 10.1186/s13287-019-1165-5 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Klasyfikacja komórek macierzystych ze względu na źródło pochodzenia= &amp;lt;!--T:3--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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# '''Embrionalne (zarodkowe) komórki macierzyste''' – pochodzą z komórek zarodka (komórki totipotencjalne) lub z węzła zarodkowego blastocysty (komórki pluripotencjalne), mogą przekształcić się we wszystkie rodzaje komórek organizmu. Jednakże, użycie embrionalnych komórek macierzystych w celach terapeutycznych budzi wątpliwości natury etycznej, zatem ich zastosowanie nie powinno mieć miejsca w medycynie regeneracyjnej.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Płodowe komórki macierzyste '''– mogą być pozyskane z krwi pępowinowej i z tkanek popłodu, takich jak pępowina czy łożysko; tkanki te stanowią naturalne źródło ich pozyskania, a niewykorzystane poddawane są utylizacji medycznej. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; In 't Anker PS, Scherjon SA, Kleijburg-van der Keur C, de Groot-Swings GM, Claas FH, Fibbe WE, Kanhai HH. Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells of fetal or maternal origin from human placenta. Stem Cells. 2004;22(7):1338-45. doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0058 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Miao Z, Jin J, Chen L, Zhu J, Huang W, Zhao J, Qian H, Zhang X. Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from human placenta: comparison with human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Biol Int. 2006 Sep;30(9):681-7. doi: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2006.03.009 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Corrao S, La Rocca G, Lo Iacono M, Corsello T, Farina F, Anzalone R. Umbilical cord revisited: from Wharton's jelly myofibroblasts to mesenchymal stem cells. Histol Histopathol. 2013 Oct;28(10):1235-44. doi: 10.14670/HH-28.1235 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Kwon A, Kim Y, Kim M, Kim J, Choi H, Jekarl DW, Lee S, Kim JM, Shin JC, Park IY. Tissue-specific Differentiation Potency of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Perinatal Tissues. Sci Rep. 2016 Apr 5;6:23544. doi: 10.1038/srep23544 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
# '''[[Somatyczne komórki macierzyste|Somatyczne komórki macierzyste]]'''– znajdują się w tkankach dorosłego organizmu i są odpowiedzialne za ich regenerację. Są to zarówno komórki multipotencjalne (m. in. komórki krwiotwórcze) jak i komórki unipotencjalne (np. komórki satelitowe mięśni szkieletowych). Pozyskanie [[somatyczne komórki macierzyste|somatycznych komórek macierzystych]] jest dobrze udokumentowane &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Crisan M, Yap S, Casteilla L, Chen CW, Corselli M, Park TS, Andriolo G, Sun B, Zheng B, Zhang L, Norotte C, Teng PN, Traas J, Schugar R, Deasy BM, Badylak S, Buhring HJ, Giacobino JP, Lazzari L, Huard J, Péault B. A perivascular origin for mesenchymal stem cells in multiple human organs. Cell Stem Cell. 2008 Sep 11;3(3):301-13. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.07.003 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Murray IR, West CC, Hardy WR, James AW, Park TS, Nguyen A, Tawonsawatruk T, Lazzari L, Soo C, Péault B. Natural history of mesenchymal stem cells, from vessel walls to culture vessels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2014 Apr;71(8):1353-74. doi: 10.1007/s00018-013-1462-6 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Elahi KC, Klein G, Avci-Adali M, Sievert KD, MacNeil S, Aicher WK. Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Different Sources Diverge in Their Expression of Cell Surface Proteins and Display Distinct Differentiation Patterns. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:5646384. doi: 10.1155/2016/5646384 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Dumont NA, Rudnicki MA. Characterizing Satellite Cells and Myogenic Progenitors During Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1560:179-188. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6788-9_12 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Klimczak A, Kozlowska U. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Tissue-Specific Progenitor Cells: Their Role in Tissue Homeostasis. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:4285215. doi: 10.1155/2016/4285215 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; i wiele z nich znalazło zastosowanie w terapiach komórkowych np. przeszczepianie komórek krwiotwórczych w schorzeniach układu hematologicznego.&lt;br /&gt;
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=Bibliografia= &amp;lt;!--T:4--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;/translate&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste&amp;diff=1164</id>
		<title>Komórki macierzyste</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste&amp;diff=1164"/>
		<updated>2021-06-25T08:11:18Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: &lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;languages/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;translate&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Definicja= &amp;lt;!--T:1--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Komórki macierzyste, nazywane również komórkami pnia (ang. stem cells), to pierwotne, niewyspecjalizowane komórki, które mają nieograniczoną zdolność do samoodnowy oraz różnicowania się w wyspecjalizowane komórki potomne tworzące tkanki i narządy. Komórki macierzyste są obecne zarówno w zarodkach, jak i w dorosłym organizmie. Poprawne funkcjonowanie organizmu zależne jest od homeostazy tkankowej a utrzymanie [[homeostaza|homeostazy]] związane jest z pulą komórek macierzystych utrzymującą w równowadze liczbę komórek somatycznych organizmu. W każdym narządzie organizmu systematycznie powstają nowe komórki, które dojrzewają, różnicują się w wyspecjalizowane komórki danego narządu a po wypełnieniu swojej funkcji biologicznej giną w procesie [[apoptoza|apoptozy]]. Komórki macierzyste, rezydujące w [[nisza komórek macierzystych|niszy komórek macierzystych]] danego narządu, otrzymują sygnały z otoczenia uszkodzonej tkanki i rozpoczynają proces naprawy prowadzący do regeneracji tkanek.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Rodzaje komórek macierzystych= &amp;lt;!--T:2--&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Komórki totipotencjalne''' – najbardziej pierwotne komórki, są to jedyne komórki w organizmie zdolne do różnicowania się do każdego typu embrionalnych komórek somatycznych i powstania całego organizmu. Powstają w wyniku zapłodnienia tworząc zygotę a następnie w dalszym procesie rozwojowym tworzą blastomery. Są zdolne do tworzenia łożyska, łączącego płód z organizmem matki.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Komórki pluripotencjalne''' – są to komórki potomne totipotencjalnych komórek macierzystych i mogą dać początek komórkom trzech listków zarodkowych: ektodermy, endodermy i mezodermy. Komórki te są zdolne do organizowania się i tworzenia dowolnej tkanki w procesie embriogenezy (z wyjątkiem komórek łożyska). Wraz z rozwojem płodu i formowaniem się odrębnych struktur tkankowych, komórki pluripotencjalne tracą zdolność do zróżnicowania się w dowolny typ komórek somatycznych na rzecz komórek tkankowo-specyficznych. Komórki pluripotencjalne można spotkać tylko podczas rozwoju embrionalnego, nie mogą jedynie przekształcić się powrotnie w komórki totipotencjalne.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Komórki multipotencjalne''' – to komórki charakteryzujące się zdolnością do tworzenia tkanek w obrębie jednego z trzech listków zarodkowych&lt;br /&gt;
#* Pierwszy listek zarodkowy (ektoderma) – tkanka nerwowa, tkanka nabłonkowa, przydatki skórne,&lt;br /&gt;
#* Drugi listek zarodkowy (endoderma) – układ trawienny, układ oddechowy, układ endokrynny, układ moczowy, narządy zmysłów,&lt;br /&gt;
#* Trzeci listek zarodkowy (mezoderma) – tkanka kostna, tkanka chrzęstna, mięśnie szkieletowe, mięśnie gładkie, mięsień sercowy, ścięgna, więzadła, tkanka tłuszczowa. Przykładem multipotencjalnych komórek trzeciego listka zarodkowego są [[mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste|mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste]] (ang. mesenchymal stem cells - MSC). Komórki multipotencjalne rezydują w [[nisza komórek macierzystych|niszach komórek macierzystych]] a ich liczba zwykle maleje wraz z wiekiem i wraz ze zdolnością do samoodnowy organizmu.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Komórki unipotencjalne'''&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; – komórki wyspecjalizowane do różnicowania się w kierunku zdefiniowanych komórek danej tkanki z zachowaną zdolnością do podziałów (w przeciwieństwie do komórek dojrzałych). Przykładem komórek unipotencjalnych są np. komórki satelitowe mięśni szkieletowych różnicujące się do mioblastów a następnie do miocytów - dojrzałych komórek mięśniowych, lub osteoblasty różnicujące się w komórki tworzące kość. Komórki unipotencjalne rezydują w tkankach i odpowiadają na sygnały związane z uszkodzeniem tkanki poprzez ich aktywację i następową regenerację tkanki.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Zakrzewski W, Dobrzyński M, Szymonowicz M, Rybak Z. Stem cells: past, present, and future. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019 Feb 26;10(1):68. doi: 10.1186/s13287-019-1165-5 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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=Klasyfikacja komórek macierzystych ze względu na źródło pochodzenia= &amp;lt;!--T:3--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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# '''Embrionalne (zarodkowe) komórki macierzyste''' – pochodzą z komórek zarodka (komórki totipotencjalne) lub z węzła zarodkowego blastocysty (komórki pluripotencjalne), mogą przekształcić się we wszystkie rodzaje komórek organizmu. Jednakże, użycie embrionalnych komórek macierzystych w celach terapeutycznych budzi wątpliwości natury etycznej, zatem ich zastosowanie nie powinno mieć miejsca w medycynie regeneracyjnej.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Płodowe komórki macierzyste '''– mogą być pozyskane z krwi pępowinowej i z tkanek popłodu, takich jak pępowina czy łożysko; tkanki te stanowią naturalne źródło ich pozyskania, a niewykorzystane poddawane są utylizacji medycznej. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; In 't Anker PS, Scherjon SA, Kleijburg-van der Keur C, de Groot-Swings GM, Claas FH, Fibbe WE, Kanhai HH. Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells of fetal or maternal origin from human placenta. Stem Cells. 2004;22(7):1338-45. doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0058 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Miao Z, Jin J, Chen L, Zhu J, Huang W, Zhao J, Qian H, Zhang X. Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from human placenta: comparison with human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Biol Int. 2006 Sep;30(9):681-7. doi: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2006.03.009 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Corrao S, La Rocca G, Lo Iacono M, Corsello T, Farina F, Anzalone R. Umbilical cord revisited: from Wharton's jelly myofibroblasts to mesenchymal stem cells. Histol Histopathol. 2013 Oct;28(10):1235-44. doi: 10.14670/HH-28.1235 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Kwon A, Kim Y, Kim M, Kim J, Choi H, Jekarl DW, Lee S, Kim JM, Shin JC, Park IY. Tissue-specific Differentiation Potency of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Perinatal Tissues. Sci Rep. 2016 Apr 5;6:23544. doi: 10.1038/srep23544 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
# '''[[Somatyczne komórki macierzyste|Somatyczne komórki macierzyste]]'''– znajdują się w tkankach dorosłego organizmu i są odpowiedzialne za ich regenerację. Są to zarówno komórki multipotencjalne (m. in. komórki krwiotwórcze) jak i komórki unipotencjalne (np. komórki satelitowe mięśni szkieletowych). Pozyskanie [[somatyczne komórki macierzyste|somatycznych komórek macierzystych]] jest dobrze udokumentowane &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Crisan M, Yap S, Casteilla L, Chen CW, Corselli M, Park TS, Andriolo G, Sun B, Zheng B, Zhang L, Norotte C, Teng PN, Traas J, Schugar R, Deasy BM, Badylak S, Buhring HJ, Giacobino JP, Lazzari L, Huard J, Péault B. A perivascular origin for mesenchymal stem cells in multiple human organs. Cell Stem Cell. 2008 Sep 11;3(3):301-13. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.07.003 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Murray IR, West CC, Hardy WR, James AW, Park TS, Nguyen A, Tawonsawatruk T, Lazzari L, Soo C, Péault B. Natural history of mesenchymal stem cells, from vessel walls to culture vessels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2014 Apr;71(8):1353-74. doi: 10.1007/s00018-013-1462-6 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Elahi KC, Klein G, Avci-Adali M, Sievert KD, MacNeil S, Aicher WK. Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Different Sources Diverge in Their Expression of Cell Surface Proteins and Display Distinct Differentiation Patterns. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:5646384. doi: 10.1155/2016/5646384 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Dumont NA, Rudnicki MA. Characterizing Satellite Cells and Myogenic Progenitors During Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1560:179-188. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6788-9_12 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Klimczak A, Kozlowska U. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Tissue-Specific Progenitor Cells: Their Role in Tissue Homeostasis. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:4285215. doi: 10.1155/2016/4285215 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; i wiele z nich znalazło zastosowanie w terapiach komórkowych np. przeszczepianie komórek krwiotwórczych w schorzeniach układu hematologicznego.&lt;br /&gt;
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=Bibliografia= &amp;lt;!--T:4--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;/translate&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste&amp;diff=1161</id>
		<title>Komórki macierzyste</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste&amp;diff=1161"/>
		<updated>2021-06-25T07:49:29Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: &lt;/p&gt;
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=Definicja= &amp;lt;!--T:1--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Komórki macierzyste, nazywane również komórkami pnia (ang. stem cells), to pierwotne, niewyspecjalizowane komórki, które mają nieograniczoną zdolność do samoodnowy oraz różnicowania się w wyspecjalizowane komórki potomne tworzące tkanki i narządy. Komórki macierzyste są obecne zarówno w zarodkach, jak i w dorosłym organizmie. Poprawne funkcjonowanie organizmu zależne jest od homeostazy tkankowej a utrzymanie [[homeostaza|homeostazy]] związane jest z pulą komórek macierzystych utrzymującą w równowadze liczbę komórek somatycznych organizmu. W każdym narządzie organizmu systematycznie powstają nowe komórki, które dojrzewają, różnicują się w wyspecjalizowane komórki danego narządu a po wypełnieniu swojej funkcji biologicznej giną w procesie [[apoptoza|apoptozy]]. Komórki macierzyste, rezydujące w [[nisza komórek macierzystych|niszy komórek macierzystych]] danego narządu, otrzymują sygnały z otoczenia uszkodzonej tkanki i rozpoczynają proces naprawy prowadzący do regeneracji tkanek.&lt;br /&gt;
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=Rodzaje komórek macierzystych= &amp;lt;!--T:2--&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
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# '''Komórki totipotencjalne''' – najbardziej pierwotne komórki, są to jedyne komórki w organizmie zdolne do różnicowania się do każdego typu embrionalnych komórek somatycznych i powstania całego organizmu. Powstają w wyniku zapłodnienia tworząc zygotę a następnie w dalszym procesie rozwojowym tworzą blastomery. Są zdolne do tworzenia łożyska, łączącego płód z organizmem matki.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Komórki pluripotencjalne''' – są to komórki potomne totipotencjalnych komórek macierzystych i mogą dać początek komórkom trzech listków zarodkowych: ektodermy, endodermy i mezodermy. Komórki te są zdolne do organizowania się i tworzenia dowolnej tkanki w procesie embriogenezy (z wyjątkiem komórek łożyska). Wraz z rozwojem płodu i formowaniem się odrębnych struktur tkankowych, komórki pluripotencjalne tracą zdolność do zróżnicowania się w dowolny typ komórek somatycznych na rzecz komórek tkankowo-specyficznych. Komórki pluripotencjalne można spotkać tylko podczas rozwoju embrionalnego, nie mogą jedynie przekształcić się powrotnie w komórki totipotencjalne.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Komórki multipotencjalne''' – to komórki charakteryzujące się zdolnością do tworzenia tkanek w obrębie jednego z trzech listków zarodkowych&lt;br /&gt;
#* Pierwszy listek zarodkowy (ektoderma) – tkanka nerwowa, tkanka nabłonkowa, przydatki skórne,&lt;br /&gt;
#* Drugi listek zarodkowy (endoderma) – układ trawienny, układ oddechowy, układ endokrynny, układ moczowy, narządy zmysłów,&lt;br /&gt;
#* Trzeci listek zarodkowy (mezoderma) – tkanka kostna, tkanka chrzęstna, mięśnie szkieletowe, mięśnie gładkie, mięsień sercowy, ścięgna, więzadła, tkanka tłuszczowa. Przykładem multipotencjalnych komórek trzeciego listka zarodkowego są [[mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste|mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste]] (ang. mesenchymal stem cells - MSC). Komórki multipotencjalne rezydują w [[nisza komórek macierzystych|niszach komórek macierzystych]] a ich liczba zwykle maleje wraz z wiekiem i wraz ze zdolnością do samoodnowy organizmu.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Komórki unipotencjalne'''&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; – komórki wyspecjalizowane do różnicowania się w kierunku zdefiniowanych komórek danej tkanki z zachowaną zdolnością do podziałów (w przeciwieństwie do komórek dojrzałych). Przykładem komórek unipotencjalnych są np. komórki satelitowe mięśni szkieletowych różnicujące się do mioblastów a następnie do miocytów - dojrzałych komórek mięśniowych, lub osteoblasty różnicujące się w komórki tworzące kość. Komórki unipotencjalne rezydują w tkankach i odpowiadają na sygnały związane z uszkodzeniem tkanki poprzez ich aktywację i następową regenerację tkanki.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Zakrzewski W, Dobrzyński M, Szymonowicz M, Rybak Z. Stem cells: past, present, and future. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019 Feb 26;10(1):68. doi: 10.1186/s13287-019-1165-5 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Klasyfikacja komórek macierzystych ze względu na źródło pochodzenia= &amp;lt;!--T:3--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Embrionalne (zarodkowe) komórki macierzyste''' – pochodzą z komórek zarodka (komórki totipotencjalne) lub z węzła zarodkowego blastocysty (komórki pluripotencjalne), mogą przekształcić się we wszystkie rodzaje komórek organizmu. Jednakże, użycie embrionalnych komórek macierzystych w celach terapeutycznych budzi wątpliwości natury etycznej, zatem ich zastosowanie nie powinno mieć miejsca w medycynie regeneracyjnej.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Płodowe komórki macierzyste '''– mogą być pozyskane z krwi pępowinowej i z tkanek popłodu, takich jak pępowina czy łożysko; tkanki te stanowią naturalne źródło ich pozyskania, a niewykorzystane poddawane są utylizacji medycznej. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; In 't Anker PS, Scherjon SA, Kleijburg-van der Keur C, de Groot-Swings GM, Claas FH, Fibbe WE, Kanhai HH. Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells of fetal or maternal origin from human placenta. Stem Cells. 2004;22(7):1338-45. doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0058 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Miao Z, Jin J, Chen L, Zhu J, Huang W, Zhao J, Qian H, Zhang X. Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from human placenta: comparison with human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Biol Int. 2006 Sep;30(9):681-7. doi: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2006.03.009 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Corrao S, La Rocca G, Lo Iacono M, Corsello T, Farina F, Anzalone R. Umbilical cord revisited: from Wharton's jelly myofibroblasts to mesenchymal stem cells. Histol Histopathol. 2013 Oct;28(10):1235-44. doi: 10.14670/HH-28.1235 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Kwon A, Kim Y, Kim M, Kim J, Choi H, Jekarl DW, Lee S, Kim JM, Shin JC, Park IY. Tissue-specific Differentiation Potency of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Perinatal Tissues. Sci Rep. 2016 Apr 5;6:23544. doi: 10.1038/srep23544 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
# '''[[Somatyczne komórki macierzyste|Somatyczne komórki macierzyste]]'''– znajdują się w tkankach dorosłego organizmu i są odpowiedzialne za ich regenerację. Są to zarówno komórki multipotencjalne (m. in. komórki krwiotwórcze) jak i komórki unipotencjalne (np. komórki satelitowe mięśni szkieletowych). Pozyskanie [[somatyczne komórki macierzyste|somatycznych komórek macierzystych]] jest dobrze udokumentowane &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Crisan M, Yap S, Casteilla L, Chen CW, Corselli M, Park TS, Andriolo G, Sun B, Zheng B, Zhang L, Norotte C, Teng PN, Traas J, Schugar R, Deasy BM, Badylak S, Buhring HJ, Giacobino JP, Lazzari L, Huard J, Péault B. A perivascular origin for mesenchymal stem cells in multiple human organs. Cell Stem Cell. 2008 Sep 11;3(3):301-13. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.07.003 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Murray IR, West CC, Hardy WR, James AW, Park TS, Nguyen A, Tawonsawatruk T, Lazzari L, Soo C, Péault B. Natural history of mesenchymal stem cells, from vessel walls to culture vessels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2014 Apr;71(8):1353-74. doi: 10.1007/s00018-013-1462-6 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Elahi KC, Klein G, Avci-Adali M, Sievert KD, MacNeil S, Aicher WK. Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Different Sources Diverge in Their Expression of Cell Surface Proteins and Display Distinct Differentiation Patterns. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:5646384. doi: 10.1155/2016/5646384 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Dumont NA, Rudnicki MA. Characterizing Satellite Cells and Myogenic Progenitors During Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1560:179-188. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6788-9_12 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Klimczak A, Kozlowska U. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Tissue-Specific Progenitor Cells: Their Role in Tissue Homeostasis. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:4285215. doi: 10.1155/2016/4285215 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; i wiele z nich znalazło zastosowanie w terapiach komórkowych np. przeszczepianie komórek krwiotwórczych w schorzeniach układu hematologicznego.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Bibliografia= &amp;lt;!--T:4--&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=R%C3%B3%C5%BCnicowanie/en&amp;diff=1160</id>
		<title>Różnicowanie/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=R%C3%B3%C5%BCnicowanie/en&amp;diff=1160"/>
		<updated>2021-06-25T07:45:00Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: &lt;/p&gt;
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Differentiation is the process of gradual transformation of a stem cell into a tissue-specialized cell. The phenomenon of differentiation occurs most intensively during embryonic development. During the development of a multicellular organism, differentiation occurs repeatedly as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex arrangement of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and form fully differentiated descendant cells essential during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. The process of differentiation takes place through the extracellular signal, which triggers the signaling cascade inside the cell, leading to the suppression of multipotency genes and activation of genes in which the proteins necessary for structural and functional specialization of the target cell are present. Depending on the direction of the cell differentiates, this process is initiated by defined genetic factors and controlled at many stages of differentiation by regulatory proteins. The differentiation process is usually irreversible, although there are exceptions to this rule.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It has been observed [[mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste/en|mesenchymal stem cells]] (MSCs) have the ability to differentiate into many types of connective tissue, including: bone tissue ([[osteogeneza/en|osteogenesis]]), cartilage ([[chondrogeneza/en|chondrogenesis]]), adipose tissue ([[adipogeneza/en|adipogenesis]]), skeletal muscle tissue (myogenesis), heart muscle (cardiomiogenesis), tendons, ligaments, as well as in ''[[in vitro|in vitro]]'' tests for nerve tissue cells.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Vazin T, Freed WJ. Human embryonic stem cells: derivation, culture, and differentiation: a review. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2010;28(4):589-603. doi: 10.3233/RNN-2010-0543&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kang MI, Kim HS, Jung YC, Kim YH, Hong SJ, Kim MK, Baek KH, Kim CC, Rhyu MG. Transitional CpG methylation between promoters and retroelements of tissue-specific genes during human mesenchymal cell differentiation. J Cell Biochem. 2007 Sep 1;102(1):224-39. doi: 10.1002/jcb.21291&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gromolak S, Krawczenko A, Antończyk A, Buczak K, Kiełbowicz Z, Klimczak A. Biological Characteristics and Osteogenic Differentiation of Ovine Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Stimulated with FGF-2 and BMP-2. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Dec 20;21(24):9726. doi: 10.3390/ijms21249726&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Hung BP, Hutton DL, Kozielski KL, Bishop CJ, Naved B, Green JJ, Caplan AI, Gimble JM, Dorafshar AH, Grayson WL. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor BB Enhances Osteogenesis of Adipose-Derived But Not Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells. Stem Cells. 2015 Sep;33(9):2773-84. doi: 10.1002/stem.2060. Epub 2015 Jun 26&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ambele MA, Dhanraj P, Giles R, Pepper MS. Adipogenesis: A Complex Interplay of Multiple Molecular Determinants and Pathways. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jun 16;21(12):4283. doi: 10.3390/ijms21124283&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Voskamp C, Koevoet WJLM, Somoza RA, Caplan AI, Lefebvre V, van Osch GJVM, Narcisi R. Enhanced Chondrogenic Capacity of Mesenchymal Stem Cells After TNFα Pre-treatment. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020 Jun 30;8:658. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00658&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Sorrell JM, Somoza RA, Caplan AI. Human mesenchymal stem cells induced to differentiate as chondrocytes follow a biphasic pattern of extracellular matrix production. J Orthop Res. 2018 Jun;36(6):1757-1766. doi: 10.1002/jor.23820. Epub 2017 Dec 22&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Bibliography=&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Linia_kom%C3%B3rkowa/en&amp;diff=1155</id>
		<title>Linia komórkowa/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Linia_kom%C3%B3rkowa/en&amp;diff=1155"/>
		<updated>2021-06-25T07:37:30Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;languages/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=Definition=&lt;br /&gt;
A cell line is a population of cells derived from a few cells of a multicellular organism, generated ''in vitro'' from primary culture after the first passage.  The cell line contains genetic information identical to the organism from which it was derived. Cell lines derived from normal (non-cancerous) cells and tissues have a limited ability for division and can be maintained in culture for a limited time. The number of passages of cell line depends on the type of tissue and age of the organism from which the cell line was derived, and the limited number of cell divisions reflects ''in vivo'' aging of cells. Cell lines derived from stem cells (embryonic, adult or induced) or immortalised cells, avoid cellular senescence caused by a mutation, and live longer. Compared to animal models, cell lines are cheaper and easier to maintain, able to provide more reproducible results, and usually (with the exception of embryonic cells) are not burdened with ethical controversy, which makes them an attractive material for biological and medical research. However, it is necessary to remember that cell lines derived from a small number of cells are susceptible to genetic changes over the time of extended culture and number of passages, cell lines may not always adequately represent the properties of the primary cell populations. &lt;br /&gt;
Cell lines with an unlimited life-span and the ability to divide indefinitely can be derived from cancerous tumors.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Stokłosowa S.: Hodowla komórek i tkanek. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2004.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Stem cell lines=&lt;br /&gt;
Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are pluripotent (capable of differentiating into all cell types existing in the body). They are typically isolated from the inner cell mass of a pre-implantation embryo (blastocyst stage), which raises ethical concerns and has prompted researchers to turn to other sources of stem cells, such as somatic stem cells which naturally exists in the adult body.&lt;br /&gt;
Somatic cells are both multipotent cells (e.g. hematopoietic cells or mesenchymal stem cells) and unipotent cells (e.g. skeletal muscle satellite cells). The isolation of somatic stem cells is well documented, many of them have been used to generate cell lines for research on a new cellular  therapies in regenerative medicine.&lt;br /&gt;
In search of new research opportunities for stem cells, adult specialized somatic cells were &amp;quot;reprogrammed&amp;quot; into induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines capable of producing any type of cells. The induction of somatic cells to revert to a pluripotent stem cell state was achieved by the introduction of four factors: the Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4 genes. Apart from eliminating the ethical concerns arising from the use of ESCs, another advantage of lines derived from somatic cells is that in potential therapeutic purposes, e.g. in regenerative medicine or [[inżynieria tkankowa/en|tissue engineering]], they can be derived from the patient, making them an easily obtainable and physiologically compatible with the recipient's organism that enables their potential use in personalized cell therapy.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell. 2006 Aug 25;126(4):663-76. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.024.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kim JS, Choi HW, Choi S, Do JT. Reprogrammed pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells. Int J Stem Cells. 2011 Jun;4(1):1-8. doi: 10.15283/ijsc.2011.4.1.1.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Danisovic L, Culenova M, Csobonyeiova M. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Modeling and Therapy. Cells. 2018 Dec 7;7(12):253. doi: 10.3390/cells7120253.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Zahumenska R, Nosal V, Smolar M, Okajcekova T, Skovierova H, Strnadel J, Halasova E. Induced Pluripotency: A Powerful Tool for In Vitro Modeling. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Nov 24;21(23):8910. doi: 10.3390/ijms21238910.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Seminary ER, Santarriaga S, Wheeler L, Mejaki M, Abrudan J, Demos W, Zimmermann MT, Urrutia RA, Fee D, Barkhaus PE, Ebert AD. Motor Neuron Generation from iPSCs from Identical Twins Discordant for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Cells. 2020 Feb 28;9(3):571. doi: 10.3390/cells9030571.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Immortalised cell lines=&lt;br /&gt;
The mutations that cause the cell immortalisation can occur naturally – such is in the case of cell lines derived from cancers, e.g. in the first human cell line, HeLa,  or can be induced under laboratory conditions by chemical or oncogene mediated transformation. In the latter case, this is achieved by overexpressing telomerase and TERT, inactivating cell cycle checkpoints p53 and pRb, or introducing oncogenes or viral vectors encoding oncoproteins, which also interfere with cell cycle regulators. There is, however, a  risk of undesired carcinogenic effects when using immortalised cells.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Paprocka M, Krawczenko A, Dus D, Kantor A, Carreau A, Grillon C, Kieda C. CD133 positive progenitor endothelial cell lines from human cord blood. Cytometry A. 2011 Aug;79(8):594-602. doi: 10.1002/cyto.a.21092. Epub 2011 Jun 27.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katsumiti A, Ruenraroengsak P, Cajaraville MP, Thorley AJ, Tetley TD. Immortalisation of primary human alveolar epithelial lung cells using a non-viral vector to study respiratory bioreactivity in vitro. Sci Rep. 2020 Nov 24;10(1):20486. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77191-y.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Bibliography=&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Linia_kom%C3%B3rkowa/en&amp;diff=1154</id>
		<title>Linia komórkowa/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Linia_kom%C3%B3rkowa/en&amp;diff=1154"/>
		<updated>2021-06-25T07:37:19Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;languages/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=Definition=&lt;br /&gt;
A cell line is a population of cells derived from a few cells of a multicellular organism, generated ''in vitro'' from primary culture after the first passage.  The cell line contains genetic information identical to the organism from which it was derived. Cell lines derived from normal (non-cancerous) cells and tissues have a limited ability for division and can be maintained in culture for a limited time. The number of passages of cell line depends on the type of tissue and age of the organism from which the cell line was derived, and the limited number of cell divisions reflects ''in vivo'' aging of cells. Cell lines derived from stem cells (embryonic, adult or induced) or immortalised cells, avoid cellular senescence caused by a mutation, and live longer. Compared to animal models, cell lines are cheaper and easier to maintain, able to provide more reproducible results, and usually (with the exception of embryonic cells) are not burdened with ethical controversy, which makes them an attractive material for biological and medical research. However, it is necessary to remember that cell lines derived from a small number of cells are susceptible to genetic changes over the time of extended culture and number of passages, cell lines may not always adequately represent the properties of the primary cell populations. &lt;br /&gt;
Cell lines with an unlimited life-span and the ability to divide indefinitely can be derived from cancerous tumors.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Stokłosowa S.: Hodowla komórek i tkanek. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2004.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Stem cell lines=&lt;br /&gt;
Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are pluripotent (capable of differentiating into all cell types existing in the body). They are typically isolated from the inner cell mass of a pre-implantation embryo (blastocyst stage), which raises ethical concerns and has prompted researchers to turn to other sources of stem cells, such as somatic stem cells which naturally exists in the adult body.&lt;br /&gt;
Somatic cells are both multipotent cells (e.g. hematopoietic cells or mesenchymal stem cells) and unipotent cells (e.g. skeletal muscle satellite cells). The isolation of somatic stem cells is well documented, many of them have been used to generate cell lines for research on a new cellular  therapies in regenerative medicine.&lt;br /&gt;
In search of new research opportunities for stem cells, adult specialized somatic cells were &amp;quot;reprogrammed&amp;quot; into induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines capable of producing any type of cells. The induction of somatic cells to revert to a pluripotent stem cell state was achieved by the introduction of four factors: the Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4 genes. Apart from eliminating the ethical concerns arising from the use of ESCs, another advantage of lines derived from somatic cells is that in potential therapeutic purposes, e.g. in regenerative medicine or [[inżynieria tkankowa/en|tissue engineering]], they can be derived from the patient, making them an easily obtainable and physiologically compatible with the recipient's organism that enables their potential use in personalized cell therapy.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell. 2006 Aug 25;126(4):663-76. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.024.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kim JS, Choi HW, Choi S, Do JT. Reprogrammed pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells. Int J Stem Cells. 2011 Jun;4(1):1-8. doi: 10.15283/ijsc.2011.4.1.1.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Danisovic L, Culenova M, Csobonyeiova M. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Modeling and Therapy. Cells. 2018 Dec 7;7(12):253. doi: 10.3390/cells7120253.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Zahumenska R, Nosal V, Smolar M, Okajcekova T, Skovierova H, Strnadel J, Halasova E. Induced Pluripotency: A Powerful Tool for In Vitro Modeling. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Nov 24;21(23):8910. doi: 10.3390/ijms21238910.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Seminary ER, Santarriaga S, Wheeler L, Mejaki M, Abrudan J, Demos W, Zimmermann MT, Urrutia RA, Fee D, Barkhaus PE, Ebert AD. Motor Neuron Generation from iPSCs from Identical Twins Discordant for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Cells. 2020 Feb 28;9(3):571. doi: 10.3390/cells9030571.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;mw-translate-fuzzy&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=Immortalised cell lines=&lt;br /&gt;
The mutations that cause the cell immortalisation can occur naturally – such is in the case of cell lines derived from cancers, e.g. in the first human cell line, HeLa,  or can be induced under laboratory conditions by chemical or oncogene mediated transformation. In the latter case, this is achieved by overexpressing telomerase and TERT, inactivating cell cycle checkpoints p53 and pRb, or introducing oncogenes or viral vectors encoding oncoproteins, which also interfere with cell cycle regulators. There is, however, a  risk of undesired carcinogenic effects when using immortalised cells.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Paprocka M, Krawczenko A, Dus D, Kantor A, Carreau A, Grillon C, Kieda C. CD133 positive progenitor endothelial cell lines from human cord blood. Cytometry A. 2011 Aug;79(8):594-602. doi: 10.1002/cyto.a.21092. Epub 2011 Jun 27.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katsumiti A, Ruenraroengsak P, Cajaraville MP, Thorley AJ, Tetley TD. Immortalisation of primary human alveolar epithelial lung cells using a non-viral vector to study respiratory bioreactivity in vitro. Sci Rep. 2020 Nov 24;10(1):20486. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77191-y.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Bibliography=&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Linia_kom%C3%B3rkowa/en&amp;diff=1153</id>
		<title>Linia komórkowa/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Linia_kom%C3%B3rkowa/en&amp;diff=1153"/>
		<updated>2021-06-25T07:37:03Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;languages/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=Definition=&lt;br /&gt;
A cell line is a population of cells derived from a few cells of a multicellular organism, generated ''in vitro'' from primary culture after the first passage.  The cell line contains genetic information identical to the organism from which it was derived. Cell lines derived from normal (non-cancerous) cells and tissues have a limited ability for division and can be maintained in culture for a limited time. The number of passages of cell line depends on the type of tissue and age of the organism from which the cell line was derived, and the limited number of cell divisions reflects ''in vivo'' aging of cells. Cell lines derived from stem cells (embryonic, adult or induced) or immortalised cells, avoid cellular senescence caused by a mutation, and live longer. Compared to animal models, cell lines are cheaper and easier to maintain, able to provide more reproducible results, and usually (with the exception of embryonic cells) are not burdened with ethical controversy, which makes them an attractive material for biological and medical research. However, it is necessary to remember that cell lines derived from a small number of cells are susceptible to genetic changes over the time of extended culture and number of passages, cell lines may not always adequately represent the properties of the primary cell populations. &lt;br /&gt;
Cell lines with an unlimited life-span and the ability to divide indefinitely can be derived from cancerous tumors.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Stokłosowa S.: Hodowla komórek i tkanek. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2004.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;mw-translate-fuzzy&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
= Stem cell lines=&lt;br /&gt;
Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are pluripotent (capable of differentiating into all cell types existing in the body). They are typically isolated from the inner cell mass of a pre-implantation embryo (blastocyst stage), which raises ethical concerns and has prompted researchers to turn to other sources of stem cells, such as somatic stem cells which naturally exists in the adult body.&lt;br /&gt;
Somatic cells are both multipotent cells (e.g. hematopoietic cells or mesenchymal stem cells) and unipotent cells (e.g. skeletal muscle satellite cells). The isolation of somatic stem cells is well documented, many of them have been used to generate cell lines for research on a new cellular  therapies in regenerative medicine.&lt;br /&gt;
In search of new research opportunities for stem cells, adult specialized somatic cells were &amp;quot;reprogrammed&amp;quot; into induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines capable of producing any type of cells. The induction of somatic cells to revert to a pluripotent stem cell state was achieved by the introduction of four factors: the Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4 genes. Apart from eliminating the ethical concerns arising from the use of ESCs, another advantage of lines derived from somatic cells is that in potential therapeutic purposes, e.g. in regenerative medicine or [[inżynieria tkankowa/en|tissue engineering]], they can be derived from the patient, making them an easily obtainable and physiologically compatible with the recipient's organism that enables their potential use in personalized cell therapy.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell. 2006 Aug 25;126(4):663-76. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.024.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kim JS, Choi HW, Choi S, Do JT. Reprogrammed pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells. Int J Stem Cells. 2011 Jun;4(1):1-8. doi: 10.15283/ijsc.2011.4.1.1.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Danisovic L, Culenova M, Csobonyeiova M. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Modeling and Therapy. Cells. 2018 Dec 7;7(12):253. doi: 10.3390/cells7120253.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Zahumenska R, Nosal V, Smolar M, Okajcekova T, Skovierova H, Strnadel J, Halasova E. Induced Pluripotency: A Powerful Tool for In Vitro Modeling. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Nov 24;21(23):8910. doi: 10.3390/ijms21238910.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Seminary ER, Santarriaga S, Wheeler L, Mejaki M, Abrudan J, Demos W, Zimmermann MT, Urrutia RA, Fee D, Barkhaus PE, Ebert AD. Motor Neuron Generation from iPSCs from Identical Twins Discordant for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Cells. 2020 Feb 28;9(3):571. doi: 10.3390/cells9030571.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;mw-translate-fuzzy&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=Immortalised cell lines=&lt;br /&gt;
The mutations that cause the cell immortalisation can occur naturally – such is in the case of cell lines derived from cancers, e.g. in the first human cell line, HeLa,  or can be induced under laboratory conditions by chemical or oncogene mediated transformation. In the latter case, this is achieved by overexpressing telomerase and TERT, inactivating cell cycle checkpoints p53 and pRb, or introducing oncogenes or viral vectors encoding oncoproteins, which also interfere with cell cycle regulators. There is, however, a  risk of undesired carcinogenic effects when using immortalised cells.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Paprocka M, Krawczenko A, Dus D, Kantor A, Carreau A, Grillon C, Kieda C. CD133 positive progenitor endothelial cell lines from human cord blood. Cytometry A. 2011 Aug;79(8):594-602. doi: 10.1002/cyto.a.21092. Epub 2011 Jun 27.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katsumiti A, Ruenraroengsak P, Cajaraville MP, Thorley AJ, Tetley TD. Immortalisation of primary human alveolar epithelial lung cells using a non-viral vector to study respiratory bioreactivity in vitro. Sci Rep. 2020 Nov 24;10(1):20486. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77191-y.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Bibliography=&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste&amp;diff=1147</id>
		<title>Komórki macierzyste</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste&amp;diff=1147"/>
		<updated>2021-06-25T07:27:42Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;languages/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;translate&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Definicja= &amp;lt;!--T:1--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Komórki macierzyste, nazywane również komórkami pnia (ang. stem cells), to pierwotne, niewyspecjalizowane komórki, które mają nieograniczoną zdolność do samoodnowy oraz różnicowania się w wyspecjalizowane komórki potomne tworzące tkanki i narządy. Komórki macierzyste są obecne zarówno w zarodkach, jak i w dorosłym organizmie. Poprawne funkcjonowanie organizmu zależne jest od homeostazy tkankowej a utrzymanie [[homeostaza|homeostazy]] związane jest z pulą komórek macierzystych utrzymującą w równowadze liczbę komórek somatycznych organizmu. W każdym narządzie organizmu systematycznie powstają nowe komórki, które dojrzewają, różnicują się w wyspecjalizowane komórki danego narządu a po wypełnieniu swojej funkcji biologicznej giną w procesie [[apoptoza|apoptozy]]. Komórki macierzyste, rezydujące w [[nisza komórek macierzystych|niszy komórek macierzystych]] danego narządu, otrzymują sygnały z otoczenia uszkodzonej tkanki i rozpoczynają proces naprawy prowadzący do regeneracji tkanek.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Rodzaje komórek macierzystych= &amp;lt;!--T:2--&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/translate&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Komórki totipotencjalne''' – najbardziej pierwotne komórki, są to jedyne komórki w organizmie zdolne do różnicowania się do każdego typu embrionalnych komórek somatycznych i powstania całego organizmu. Powstają w wyniku zapłodnienia tworząc zygotę a następnie w dalszym procesie rozwojowym tworzą blastomery. Są zdolne do tworzenia łożyska, łączącego płód z organizmem matki.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Komórki pluripotencjalne''' – są to komórki potomne totipotencjalnych komórek macierzystych i mogą dać początek komórkom trzech listków zarodkowych: ektodermy, endodermy i mezodermy. Komórki te są zdolne do organizowania się i tworzenia dowolnej tkanki w procesie embriogenezy (z wyjątkiem komórek łożyska). Wraz z rozwojem płodu i formowaniem się odrębnych struktur tkankowych, komórki pluripotencjalne tracą zdolność do zróżnicowania się w dowolny typ komórek somatycznych na rzecz komórek tkankowo-specyficznych. Komórki pluripotencjalne można spotkać tylko podczas rozwoju embrionalnego, nie mogą jedynie przekształcić się powrotnie w komórki totipotencjalne.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Komórki multipotencjalne''' – to komórki charakteryzujące się zdolnością do tworzenia tkanek w obrębie jednego z trzech listków zarodkowych&lt;br /&gt;
#* Pierwszy listek zarodkowy (ektoderma) – tkanka nerwowa, tkanka nabłonkowa, przydatki skórne,&lt;br /&gt;
#* Drugi listek zarodkowy (endoderma) – układ trawienny, układ oddechowy, układ endokrynny, układ moczowy, narządy zmysłów,&lt;br /&gt;
#* Trzeci listek zarodkowy (mezoderma) – tkanka kostna, tkanka chrzęstna, mięśnie szkieletowe, mięśnie gładkie, mięsień sercowy, ścięgna, więzadła, tkanka tłuszczowa. Przykładem multipotencjalnych komórek trzeciego listka zarodkowego są [[mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste|mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste]] (ang. mesenchymal stem cells - MSC). Komórki multipotencjalne rezydują w [[nisza komórek macierzystych|niszach komórek macierzystych]] a ich liczba zwykle maleje wraz z wiekiem i wraz ze zdolnością do samoodnowy organizmu.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Komórki unipotencjalne'''&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; – komórki wyspecjalizowane do różnicowania się w kierunku zdefiniowanych komórek danej tkanki z zachowaną zdolnością do podziałów (w przeciwieństwie do komórek dojrzałych). Przykładem komórek unipotencjalnych są np. komórki satelitowe mięśni szkieletowych różnicujące się do mioblastów a następnie do miocytów - dojrzałych komórek mięśniowych, lub osteoblasty różnicujące się w komórki tworzące kość. Komórki unipotencjalne rezydują w tkankach i odpowiadają na sygnały związane z uszkodzeniem tkanki poprzez ich aktywację i następową regenerację tkanki.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Zakrzewski W, Dobrzyński M, Szymonowicz M, Rybak Z. Stem cells: past, present, and future. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019 Feb 26;10(1):68. doi: 10.1186/s13287-019-1165-5 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Klasyfikacja komórek macierzystych ze względu na źródło pochodzenia= &amp;lt;!--T:3--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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# '''Embrionalne (zarodkowe) komórki macierzyste''' – pochodzą z komórek zarodka (komórki totipotencjalne) lub z węzła zarodkowego blastocysty (komórki pluripotencjalne), mogą przekształcić się we wszystkie rodzaje komórek organizmu. Jednakże, użycie embrionalnych komórek macierzystych w celach terapeutycznych budzi wątpliwości natury etycznej, zatem ich zastosowanie nie powinno mieć miejsca w medycynie regeneracyjnej.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Zakrzewski W, Dobrzyński M, Szymonowicz M, Rybak Z. Stem cells: past, present, and future. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019 Feb 26;10(1):68. doi: 10.1186/s13287-019-1165-5 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Płodowe komórki macierzyste '''– mogą być pozyskane z krwi pępowinowej i z tkanek popłodu, takich jak pępowina czy łożysko; tkanki te stanowią naturalne źródło ich pozyskania, a niewykorzystane poddawane są utylizacji medycznej. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; In 't Anker PS, Scherjon SA, Kleijburg-van der Keur C, de Groot-Swings GM, Claas FH, Fibbe WE, Kanhai HH. Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells of fetal or maternal origin from human placenta. Stem Cells. 2004;22(7):1338-45. doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0058 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Miao Z, Jin J, Chen L, Zhu J, Huang W, Zhao J, Qian H, Zhang X. Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from human placenta: comparison with human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Biol Int. 2006 Sep;30(9):681-7. doi: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2006.03.009 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Corrao S, La Rocca G, Lo Iacono M, Corsello T, Farina F, Anzalone R. Umbilical cord revisited: from Wharton's jelly myofibroblasts to mesenchymal stem cells. Histol Histopathol. 2013 Oct;28(10):1235-44. doi: 10.14670/HH-28.1235 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Kwon A, Kim Y, Kim M, Kim J, Choi H, Jekarl DW, Lee S, Kim JM, Shin JC, Park IY. Tissue-specific Differentiation Potency of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Perinatal Tissues. Sci Rep. 2016 Apr 5;6:23544. doi: 10.1038/srep23544 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
# '''[[Somatyczne komórki macierzyste|Somatyczne komórki macierzyste]]'''– znajdują się w tkankach dorosłego organizmu i są odpowiedzialne za ich regenerację. Są to zarówno komórki multipotencjalne (m. in. komórki krwiotwórcze) jak i komórki unipotencjalne (np. komórki satelitowe mięśni szkieletowych). Pozyskanie [[somatyczne komórki macierzyste|somatycznych komórek macierzystych]] jest dobrze udokumentowane &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Crisan M, Yap S, Casteilla L, Chen CW, Corselli M, Park TS, Andriolo G, Sun B, Zheng B, Zhang L, Norotte C, Teng PN, Traas J, Schugar R, Deasy BM, Badylak S, Buhring HJ, Giacobino JP, Lazzari L, Huard J, Péault B. A perivascular origin for mesenchymal stem cells in multiple human organs. Cell Stem Cell. 2008 Sep 11;3(3):301-13. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.07.003 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Murray IR, West CC, Hardy WR, James AW, Park TS, Nguyen A, Tawonsawatruk T, Lazzari L, Soo C, Péault B. Natural history of mesenchymal stem cells, from vessel walls to culture vessels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2014 Apr;71(8):1353-74. doi: 10.1007/s00018-013-1462-6 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Elahi KC, Klein G, Avci-Adali M, Sievert KD, MacNeil S, Aicher WK. Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Different Sources Diverge in Their Expression of Cell Surface Proteins and Display Distinct Differentiation Patterns. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:5646384. doi: 10.1155/2016/5646384 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Dumont NA, Rudnicki MA. Characterizing Satellite Cells and Myogenic Progenitors During Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1560:179-188. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6788-9_12 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Klimczak A, Kozlowska U. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Tissue-Specific Progenitor Cells: Their Role in Tissue Homeostasis. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:4285215. doi: 10.1155/2016/4285215 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; i wiele z nich znalazło zastosowanie w terapiach komórkowych np. przeszczepianie komórek krwiotwórczych w schorzeniach układu hematologicznego.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Bibliografia= &amp;lt;!--T:4--&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/en&amp;diff=1145</id>
		<title>Komórki macierzyste/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/en&amp;diff=1145"/>
		<updated>2021-06-25T07:24:08Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: &lt;/p&gt;
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=Definiton=&lt;br /&gt;
Stem cells are primary, unspecialized cells, which are characterized with unlimited self-renewal capacity and differentiation into specialized descendant progenitor cells forming tissues and organs. Stem cells exist both in embryos and adult organism. The proper function of the organism depends on tissue homeostasis, and the maintenance of  [[homeostaza/en|homeostasis]] is related with  stem cell pool, that balances the number of somatic cells in the body. In every organ of the organism systematically appears new cells, which maturate and differentiate into organ-specific cells, and after fulfilling their specific biological function they undergo into programmed cell death called [[apoptoza/en|apoptosis]]. Stem cells, residing in the [[nisza komórek macierzystych/en|stem cell niche]] of a given organ, receive signals from the microenvironment of damaged tissue and initiate the repair process leading to tissue regeneration.&lt;br /&gt;
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=Stem Cell Types= &lt;br /&gt;
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# '''Komórki totipotencjalne''' – najbardziej pierwotne komórki, są to jedyne komórki w organizmie zdolne do różnicowania się do każdego typu embrionalnych komórek somatycznych i powstania całego organizmu. Powstają w wyniku zapłodnienia tworząc zygotę a następnie w dalszym procesie rozwojowym tworzą blastomery. Są zdolne do tworzenia łożyska, łączącego płód z organizmem matki.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Komórki pluripotencjalne''' – są to komórki potomne totipotencjalnych komórek macierzystych i mogą dać początek komórkom trzech listków zarodkowych: ektodermy, endodermy i mezodermy. Komórki te są zdolne do organizowania się i tworzenia dowolnej tkanki w procesie embriogenezy (z wyjątkiem komórek łożyska). Wraz z rozwojem płodu i formowaniem się odrębnych struktur tkankowych, komórki pluripotencjalne tracą zdolność do zróżnicowania się w dowolny typ komórek somatycznych na rzecz komórek tkankowo-specyficznych. Komórki pluripotencjalne można spotkać tylko podczas rozwoju embrionalnego, nie mogą jedynie przekształcić się powrotnie w komórki totipotencjalne.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Komórki multipotencjalne''' – to komórki charakteryzujące się zdolnością do tworzenia tkanek w obrębie jednego z trzech listków zarodkowych&lt;br /&gt;
#* Pierwszy listek zarodkowy (ektoderma) – tkanka nerwowa, tkanka nabłonkowa, przydatki skórne,&lt;br /&gt;
#* Drugi listek zarodkowy (endoderma) – układ trawienny, układ oddechowy, układ endokrynny, układ moczowy, narządy zmysłów,&lt;br /&gt;
#* Trzeci listek zarodkowy (mezoderma) – tkanka kostna, tkanka chrzęstna, mięśnie szkieletowe, mięśnie gładkie, mięsień sercowy, ścięgna, więzadła, tkanka tłuszczowa. Przykładem multipotencjalnych komórek trzeciego listka zarodkowego są [[mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste|mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste]] (ang. mesenchymal stem cells - MSC). Komórki multipotencjalne rezydują w [[nisza komórkowa|niszach komórkowych]] a ich liczba zwykle maleje wraz z wiekiem i wraz ze zdolnością do samoodnowy organizmu.&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Komórki unipotencjalne'''&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; – komórki wyspecjalizowane do różnicowania się w kierunku zdefiniowanych komórek danej tkanki z zachowaną zdolnością do podziałów (w przeciwieństwie do komórek dojrzałych). Przykładem komórek unipotencjalnych są np. komórki satelitowe mięśni szkieletowych różnicujące się do mioblastów a następnie do miocytów - dojrzałych komórek mięśniowych, lub osteoblasty różnicujące się w komórki tworzące kość. Komórki unipotencjalne rezydują w tkankach i odpowiadają na sygnały związane z uszkodzeniem tkanki poprzez ich aktywację i następową regenerację tkanki.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Zakrzewski W, Dobrzyński M, Szymonowicz M, Rybak Z. Stem cells: past, present, and future. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019 Feb 26;10(1):68. doi: 10.1186/s13287-019-1165-5 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Klasyfikacja komórek macierzystych ze względu na źródło pochodzenia= &amp;lt;!--T:3--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Embrionalne (zarodkowe) komórki macierzyste''' – pochodzą z komórek zarodka (komórki totipotencjalne) lub z węzła zarodkowego blastocysty (komórki pluripotencjalne), mogą przekształcić się we wszystkie rodzaje komórek organizmu. Jednakże, użycie embrionalnych komórek macierzystych w celach terapeutycznych budzi wątpliwości natury etycznej, zatem ich zastosowanie nie powinno mieć miejsca w medycynie regeneracyjnej.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Zakrzewski W, Dobrzyński M, Szymonowicz M, Rybak Z. Stem cells: past, present, and future. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019 Feb 26;10(1):68. doi: 10.1186/s13287-019-1165-5 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# '''Płodowe komórki macierzyste '''– mogą być pozyskane z krwi pępowinowej i z tkanek popłodu, takich jak pępowina czy łożysko; tkanki te stanowią naturalne źródło ich pozyskania, a niewykorzystane poddawane są utylizacji medycznej. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; In 't Anker PS, Scherjon SA, Kleijburg-van der Keur C, de Groot-Swings GM, Claas FH, Fibbe WE, Kanhai HH. Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells of fetal or maternal origin from human placenta. Stem Cells. 2004;22(7):1338-45. doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0058 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Miao Z, Jin J, Chen L, Zhu J, Huang W, Zhao J, Qian H, Zhang X. Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from human placenta: comparison with human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Biol Int. 2006 Sep;30(9):681-7. doi: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2006.03.009 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Corrao S, La Rocca G, Lo Iacono M, Corsello T, Farina F, Anzalone R. Umbilical cord revisited: from Wharton's jelly myofibroblasts to mesenchymal stem cells. Histol Histopathol. 2013 Oct;28(10):1235-44. doi: 10.14670/HH-28.1235 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Kwon A, Kim Y, Kim M, Kim J, Choi H, Jekarl DW, Lee S, Kim JM, Shin JC, Park IY. Tissue-specific Differentiation Potency of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Perinatal Tissues. Sci Rep. 2016 Apr 5;6:23544. doi: 10.1038/srep23544 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
# '''[[Somatyczne komórki macierzyste|Somatyczne komórki macierzyste]]'''– znajdują się w tkankach dorosłego organizmu i są odpowiedzialne za ich regenerację. Są to zarówno komórki multipotencjalne (m. in. komórki krwiotwórcze) jak i komórki unipotencjalne (np. komórki satelitowe mięśni szkieletowych). Pozyskanie [[somatyczne komórki macierzyste|somatycznych komórek macierzystych]] jest dobrze udokumentowane &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Crisan M, Yap S, Casteilla L, Chen CW, Corselli M, Park TS, Andriolo G, Sun B, Zheng B, Zhang L, Norotte C, Teng PN, Traas J, Schugar R, Deasy BM, Badylak S, Buhring HJ, Giacobino JP, Lazzari L, Huard J, Péault B. A perivascular origin for mesenchymal stem cells in multiple human organs. Cell Stem Cell. 2008 Sep 11;3(3):301-13. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.07.003 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Murray IR, West CC, Hardy WR, James AW, Park TS, Nguyen A, Tawonsawatruk T, Lazzari L, Soo C, Péault B. Natural history of mesenchymal stem cells, from vessel walls to culture vessels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2014 Apr;71(8):1353-74. doi: 10.1007/s00018-013-1462-6 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Elahi KC, Klein G, Avci-Adali M, Sievert KD, MacNeil S, Aicher WK. Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Different Sources Diverge in Their Expression of Cell Surface Proteins and Display Distinct Differentiation Patterns. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:5646384. doi: 10.1155/2016/5646384 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Dumont NA, Rudnicki MA. Characterizing Satellite Cells and Myogenic Progenitors During Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1560:179-188. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6788-9_12 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Klimczak A, Kozlowska U. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Tissue-Specific Progenitor Cells: Their Role in Tissue Homeostasis. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:4285215. doi: 10.1155/2016/4285215 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; i wiele z nich znalazło zastosowanie w terapiach komórkowych np. przeszczepianie komórek krwiotwórczych w schorzeniach układu hematologicznego.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Bibliografia= &amp;lt;!--T:4--&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Mezenchymalne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/en&amp;diff=1139</id>
		<title>Mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Mezenchymalne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/en&amp;diff=1139"/>
		<updated>2021-06-23T13:33:24Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: UWAGA! Zastąpienie treści hasła bardzo krótkim tekstem: „=Sources of mesenchymal stem cells=”&lt;/p&gt;
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=Definition=&lt;br /&gt;
Mesenchymal stem cells, also known as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), are multipotent cells of mesodermal origin, residing in many tissues of the adult organism, capable of self-renewal and differentiation both into the cells of the tissue from which they originate and into other cells of mesenchymal and non-mesenchymal origin.&lt;br /&gt;
Mesenchymal stem / stromal cells have attracted special attention from the scientific world since their first isolation from the bone marrow by Friedenstein in the 1960s and have been described as adherent cells (adherent to the surface of plastic culture dishes) with a fibroblast-like morphology &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Friedenstein AJ, Petrakova KV, Kurolesova AI, Frolova GP. Heterotopic of bone marrow. Analysis of precursor cells for osteogenic and hematopoietic tissues. Transplantation 1968; 6: 230-47&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Friedenstein A, Kuralesova AI. Osteogenic precursor cells of bone marrow in radiation chimeras. Transplantation 1971; 12: 99-108&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. However, the term mesenchymal stem cells was proposed by Caplan and introduced to denote a type of cells that originated from adult bone marrow with a natural capacity for multipotential differentiation into diverse types of cells of mesenchymal origin &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells. J Orthop Res 1991; 9: 641-50&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
MSC cells are a heterogeneous population characterized by specific properties, i.e. the ability to self-renewal, the ability to differentiation into progenitor cells of a specific cell line involved in the regeneration of the damaged tissue in which they reside, and multipotency, i.e. the ability to differentiate into different types cells not only of mesodermal origin. Various types of tissue resident MSCs have been described in the literature and many reports indicate their biological features make these cells specific for the regeneration of the tissue from which they originate, however, their heterogeneity allows them to differentiate into different cell types &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, Jaiswal RK, Douglas R, Mosca JD, Moorman MA, Simonetti DW, Craig S, Marshak DR. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science. 1999 Apr 2;284(5411):143-7. doi: 10.1126/science.284.5411.143&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. Cells bearing the characteristics of MSCs have been isolated from many organs and tissues of the human body, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, skin, skeletal muscle, tendons, bones, liver, kidney, lung, spleen, pancreas, thymus, dental pulp, synovium and umbilical cords &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;da Silva Meirelles L, Chagastelles PC, Nardi NB. Mesenchymal stem cells reside in virtually all post-natal organs and tissues. J Cell Sci. 2006 Jun 1;119(Pt 11):2204-13. doi: 10.1242/jcs.02932. Epub 2006 May 9&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Tissue-Specific Progenitor Cells: Their Role in Tissue Homeostasis. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:4285215. doi: 10.1155/2016/4285215. Epub 2015 Dec 28&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
There are no specific markers to identify MSCs, however, irrespective of their tissue origin, MSCs isolated from various tissues are characterized as non-hematopoietic cells that can be identified by the presence of many common markers, including the CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105 and MHC class I antigens. MSCs do not express hematopoietic and endothelial markers on their surface, e.g. CD14, CD31, CD34, CD45, and lack of expression of MHC class II antigens and co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD80 and CD86, permitted their non-immunogenic properties. These biological features make MSCs isolated from adult tissues a promising source of cells for developing new therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicine &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U, Kurpisz M. Muscle Stem/Progenitor Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Bone Marrow Origin for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Muscular Dystrophies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2018 Oct;66(5):341-354. doi: 10.1007/s00005-018-0509-7. Epub 2018 Mar 13&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Pittenger MF, Discher DE, Péault BM, Phinney DG, Hare JM, Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cell perspective: cell biology to clinical progress. NPJ Regen Med. 2019 Dec 2;4:22. doi: 10.1038/s41536-019-0083-6&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Murphy MB, Moncivais K, Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells: environmentally responsive therapeutics for regenerative medicine. Exp Mol Med. 2013 Nov 15;45(11):e54. doi: 10.1038/emm.2013.94&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Rodríguez-Fuentes DE, Fernández-Garza LE, Samia-Meza JA, Barrera-Barrera SA, Caplan AI, Barrera-Saldaña HA. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Current Clinical Applications: A Systematic Review. Arch Med Res. 2021 Jan;52(1):93-101. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.08.006. Epub 2020 Sep 22&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
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=Sources of mesenchymal stem cells=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Bone marrow''': abundant in MSCs capable of differentiation into many cell types, including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, hepatocytes etc. Bone marrow-derived MSCs are an attractive material for therapeutic purposes, although their differentiation potential depends on many factors, including the age of the donor, however, a certain limitation of obtaining MSC from the bone marrow is the procedure of their collection, which is an invasive method &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Prockop DJ. Marrow stromal cells as stem cells for nonhematopoietic tissues. Science. 1997 Apr 4;276(5309):71-4. doi: 10.1126/science.276.5309.71&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Dezawa M, Ishikawa H, Itokazu Y, Yoshihara T, Hoshino M, Takeda S, Ide C, Nabeshima Y. Bone marrow stromal cells generate muscle cells and repair muscle degeneration. Science. 2005 Jul 8;309(5732):314-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1110364&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Adipose tissue''': rich in MSCs that are highly proliferative, easily obtainable through liposuction, and capable of differentiating into cells of adipogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic and myogenic lineages &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Skeletal muscle''': distinct from the exclusively myogenic satellite cells, muscle-derived MSCs are capable of differentiation into cells of osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages , however, they are primarily used to repair skeletal muscle tissue. They are characterised by high self-renewal properties, and can be obtained by biopsy from any muscle of the body &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U, Kurpisz M. Muscle Stem/Progenitor Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Bone Marrow Origin for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Muscular Dystrophies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2018 Oct;66(5):341-354. doi: 10.1007/s00005-018-0509-7. Epub 2018 Mar 13&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Skin''': a source of highly proliferative cells, used especially for dermis regeneration, e.g. in treatment of extensive burns, but also capable of differentiation into myo-, adipo-, osteo- and chondrocytes, as well as neural and pancreatic cells. MSCs can be also isolated from hair follicles, which is probably the most easy and non-invasive way of obtaining stem cells; hair follicle MSCs can undergo adipogenesis and osteogenesis &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wang B, Liu XM, Liu ZN, Wang Y, Han X, Lian AB, Mu Y, Jin MH, Liu JY. Human hair follicle-derived mesenchymal stem cells: Isolation, expansion, and differentiation. World J Stem Cells. 2020 Jun 26;12(6):462-470. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i6.462&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Savkovic V, Li H, Obradovic D, Masieri FF, Bartella AK, Zimmerer R, Simon JC, Etz C, Lethaus B. The Angiogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from the Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheath. J Clin Med. 2021 Feb 26;10(5):911. doi: 10.3390/jcm10050911&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Dental pulp''': an easily accessible source of MSCs during dental surgeries. Dental pulp MSCs are usually used for bone and neural regeneration; their chondrogenic differentiation capacity is limited compared to other types of MSCs. However, some studies show a decrease in the proliferative activity of MSCs isolated from the dental pulp associated with the number of passages of cultivation time &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Anitua E, Troya M, Zalduendo M. Progress in the use of dental pulp stem cells in regenerative medicine. Cytotherapy. 2018 Apr;20(4):479-498. doi: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.12.011. Epub 2018 Feb 12&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Alraies A, Waddington RJ, Sloan AJ, Moseley R. Evaluation of Dental Pulp Stem Cell Heterogeneity and Behaviour in 3D Type I Collagen Gels. Biomed Res Int. 2020 Sep 10;2020:3034727. doi: 10.1155/2020/3034727&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
*'''Placenta''': abundant in MSCs characterised by high proliferation rates and strong immunosuppressive effects, capable of differentiation into e.g. hepatocytes or pancreatic cells &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wang L, Ott L, Seshareddy K, Weiss ML, Detamore MS. Musculoskeletal tissue engineering with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells. Regen Med. 2011 Jan;6(1):95-109. doi: 10.2217/rme.10.98&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Um S, Ha J, Choi SJ, Oh W, Jin HJ. Prospects for the therapeutic development of umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells. World J Stem Cells. 2020 Dec 26;12(12):1511-1528. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i12.1511&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Amniotic fluid''': MSCs originating from amniotic fluid are mainly used alongside surgery as autologous material to aid organ repair in treatment of congenital birth anomalies such as spina bifida, diaphragmatic hernia or cardiac defects. Amniotic fluid is accessible by needle aspiration, and only small quantities are necessary to establish a cell culture, as they have ability to proliferate rapidly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Bibliography=&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Translations:Mezenchymalne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/2/en&amp;diff=1138</id>
		<title>Translations:Mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste/2/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Translations:Mezenchymalne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/2/en&amp;diff=1138"/>
		<updated>2021-06-23T13:33:24Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: UWAGA! Zastąpienie treści hasła bardzo krótkim tekstem: „=Sources of mesenchymal stem cells=”&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;=Sources of mesenchymal stem cells=&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Mezenchymalne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/en&amp;diff=1136</id>
		<title>Mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Mezenchymalne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/en&amp;diff=1136"/>
		<updated>2021-06-23T13:29:41Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: Utworzono nową stronę &amp;quot;*'''Bone marrow''': abundant in MSCs capable of differentiation into many cell types, including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, hepatocytes etc. Bone marrow-derived MSCs are...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;languages/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=Definition=&lt;br /&gt;
Mesenchymal stem cells, also known as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), are multipotent cells of mesodermal origin, residing in many tissues of the adult organism, capable of self-renewal and differentiation both into the cells of the tissue from which they originate and into other cells of mesenchymal and non-mesenchymal origin.&lt;br /&gt;
Mesenchymal stem / stromal cells have attracted special attention from the scientific world since their first isolation from the bone marrow by Friedenstein in the 1960s and have been described as adherent cells (adherent to the surface of plastic culture dishes) with a fibroblast-like morphology &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Friedenstein AJ, Petrakova KV, Kurolesova AI, Frolova GP. Heterotopic of bone marrow. Analysis of precursor cells for osteogenic and hematopoietic tissues. Transplantation 1968; 6: 230-47&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Friedenstein A, Kuralesova AI. Osteogenic precursor cells of bone marrow in radiation chimeras. Transplantation 1971; 12: 99-108&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. However, the term mesenchymal stem cells was proposed by Caplan and introduced to denote a type of cells that originated from adult bone marrow with a natural capacity for multipotential differentiation into diverse types of cells of mesenchymal origin &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells. J Orthop Res 1991; 9: 641-50&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
MSC cells are a heterogeneous population characterized by specific properties, i.e. the ability to self-renewal, the ability to differentiation into progenitor cells of a specific cell line involved in the regeneration of the damaged tissue in which they reside, and multipotency, i.e. the ability to differentiate into different types cells not only of mesodermal origin. Various types of tissue resident MSCs have been described in the literature and many reports indicate their biological features make these cells specific for the regeneration of the tissue from which they originate, however, their heterogeneity allows them to differentiate into different cell types &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, Jaiswal RK, Douglas R, Mosca JD, Moorman MA, Simonetti DW, Craig S, Marshak DR. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science. 1999 Apr 2;284(5411):143-7. doi: 10.1126/science.284.5411.143&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. Cells bearing the characteristics of MSCs have been isolated from many organs and tissues of the human body, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, skin, skeletal muscle, tendons, bones, liver, kidney, lung, spleen, pancreas, thymus, dental pulp, synovium and umbilical cords &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;da Silva Meirelles L, Chagastelles PC, Nardi NB. Mesenchymal stem cells reside in virtually all post-natal organs and tissues. J Cell Sci. 2006 Jun 1;119(Pt 11):2204-13. doi: 10.1242/jcs.02932. Epub 2006 May 9&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Tissue-Specific Progenitor Cells: Their Role in Tissue Homeostasis. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:4285215. doi: 10.1155/2016/4285215. Epub 2015 Dec 28&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
There are no specific markers to identify MSCs, however, irrespective of their tissue origin, MSCs isolated from various tissues are characterized as non-hematopoietic cells that can be identified by the presence of many common markers, including the CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105 and MHC class I antigens. MSCs do not express hematopoietic and endothelial markers on their surface, e.g. CD14, CD31, CD34, CD45, and lack of expression of MHC class II antigens and co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD80 and CD86, permitted their non-immunogenic properties. These biological features make MSCs isolated from adult tissues a promising source of cells for developing new therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicine &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U, Kurpisz M. Muscle Stem/Progenitor Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Bone Marrow Origin for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Muscular Dystrophies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2018 Oct;66(5):341-354. doi: 10.1007/s00005-018-0509-7. Epub 2018 Mar 13&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Pittenger MF, Discher DE, Péault BM, Phinney DG, Hare JM, Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cell perspective: cell biology to clinical progress. NPJ Regen Med. 2019 Dec 2;4:22. doi: 10.1038/s41536-019-0083-6&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Murphy MB, Moncivais K, Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells: environmentally responsive therapeutics for regenerative medicine. Exp Mol Med. 2013 Nov 15;45(11):e54. doi: 10.1038/emm.2013.94&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Rodríguez-Fuentes DE, Fernández-Garza LE, Samia-Meza JA, Barrera-Barrera SA, Caplan AI, Barrera-Saldaña HA. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Current Clinical Applications: A Systematic Review. Arch Med Res. 2021 Jan;52(1):93-101. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.08.006. Epub 2020 Sep 22&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Sources of mesenchymal stem cells=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Bone marrow''': abundant in MSCs capable of differentiation into many cell types, including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, hepatocytes etc. Bone marrow-derived MSCs are an attractive material for therapeutic purposes, although their differentiation potential depends on many factors, including the age of the donor, however, a certain limitation of obtaining MSC from the bone marrow is the procedure of their collection, which is an invasive method &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Prockop DJ. Marrow stromal cells as stem cells for nonhematopoietic tissues. Science. 1997 Apr 4;276(5309):71-4. doi: 10.1126/science.276.5309.71&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Dezawa M, Ishikawa H, Itokazu Y, Yoshihara T, Hoshino M, Takeda S, Ide C, Nabeshima Y. Bone marrow stromal cells generate muscle cells and repair muscle degeneration. Science. 2005 Jul 8;309(5732):314-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1110364&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Adipose tissue''': rich in MSCs that are highly proliferative, easily obtainable through liposuction, and capable of differentiating into cells of adipogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic and myogenic lineages &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Skeletal muscle''': distinct from the exclusively myogenic satellite cells, muscle-derived MSCs are capable of differentiation into cells of osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages , however, they are primarily used to repair skeletal muscle tissue. They are characterised by high self-renewal properties, and can be obtained by biopsy from any muscle of the body &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U, Kurpisz M. Muscle Stem/Progenitor Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Bone Marrow Origin for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Muscular Dystrophies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2018 Oct;66(5):341-354. doi: 10.1007/s00005-018-0509-7. Epub 2018 Mar 13&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Skin''': a source of highly proliferative cells, used especially for dermis regeneration, e.g. in treatment of extensive burns, but also capable of differentiation into myo-, adipo-, osteo- and chondrocytes, as well as neural and pancreatic cells. MSCs can be also isolated from hair follicles, which is probably the most easy and non-invasive way of obtaining stem cells; hair follicle MSCs can undergo adipogenesis and osteogenesis &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wang B, Liu XM, Liu ZN, Wang Y, Han X, Lian AB, Mu Y, Jin MH, Liu JY. Human hair follicle-derived mesenchymal stem cells: Isolation, expansion, and differentiation. World J Stem Cells. 2020 Jun 26;12(6):462-470. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i6.462&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Savkovic V, Li H, Obradovic D, Masieri FF, Bartella AK, Zimmerer R, Simon JC, Etz C, Lethaus B. The Angiogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from the Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheath. J Clin Med. 2021 Feb 26;10(5):911. doi: 10.3390/jcm10050911&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Dental pulp''': an easily accessible source of MSCs during dental surgeries. Dental pulp MSCs are usually used for bone and neural regeneration; their chondrogenic differentiation capacity is limited compared to other types of MSCs. However, some studies show a decrease in the proliferative activity of MSCs isolated from the dental pulp associated with the number of passages of cultivation time &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Anitua E, Troya M, Zalduendo M. Progress in the use of dental pulp stem cells in regenerative medicine. Cytotherapy. 2018 Apr;20(4):479-498. doi: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.12.011. Epub 2018 Feb 12&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Alraies A, Waddington RJ, Sloan AJ, Moseley R. Evaluation of Dental Pulp Stem Cell Heterogeneity and Behaviour in 3D Type I Collagen Gels. Biomed Res Int. 2020 Sep 10;2020:3034727. doi: 10.1155/2020/3034727&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
*'''Placenta''': abundant in MSCs characterised by high proliferation rates and strong immunosuppressive effects, capable of differentiation into e.g. hepatocytes or pancreatic cells &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wang L, Ott L, Seshareddy K, Weiss ML, Detamore MS. Musculoskeletal tissue engineering with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells. Regen Med. 2011 Jan;6(1):95-109. doi: 10.2217/rme.10.98&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Um S, Ha J, Choi SJ, Oh W, Jin HJ. Prospects for the therapeutic development of umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells. World J Stem Cells. 2020 Dec 26;12(12):1511-1528. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i12.1511&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Amniotic fluid''': MSCs originating from amniotic fluid are mainly used alongside surgery as autologous material to aid organ repair in treatment of congenital birth anomalies such as spina bifida, diaphragmatic hernia or cardiac defects. Amniotic fluid is accessible by needle aspiration, and only small quantities are necessary to establish a cell culture, as they have ability to proliferate rapidly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Bone marrow''': abundant in MSCs capable of differentiation into many cell types, including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, hepatocytes etc. Bone marrow-derived MSCs are an attractive material for therapeutic purposes, although their differentiation potential depends on many factors, including the age of the donor, however, a certain limitation of obtaining MSC from the bone marrow is the procedure of their collection, which is an invasive method &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Prockop DJ. Marrow stromal cells as stem cells for nonhematopoietic tissues. Science. 1997 Apr 4;276(5309):71-4. doi: 10.1126/science.276.5309.71&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Dezawa M, Ishikawa H, Itokazu Y, Yoshihara T, Hoshino M, Takeda S, Ide C, Nabeshima Y. Bone marrow stromal cells generate muscle cells and repair muscle degeneration. Science. 2005 Jul 8;309(5732):314-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1110364&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Adipose tissue''': rich in MSCs that are highly proliferative, easily obtainable through liposuction, and capable of differentiating into cells of adipogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic and myogenic lineages &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Skeletal muscle''': distinct from the exclusively myogenic satellite cells, muscle-derived MSCs are capable of differentiation into cells of osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages , however, they are primarily used to repair skeletal muscle tissue. They are characterised by high self-renewal properties, and can be obtained by biopsy from any muscle of the body &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U, Kurpisz M. Muscle Stem/Progenitor Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Bone Marrow Origin for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Muscular Dystrophies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2018 Oct;66(5):341-354. doi: 10.1007/s00005-018-0509-7. Epub 2018 Mar 13&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Skin''': a source of highly proliferative cells, used especially for dermis regeneration, e.g. in treatment of extensive burns, but also capable of differentiation into myo-, adipo-, osteo- and chondrocytes, as well as neural and pancreatic cells. MSCs can be also isolated from hair follicles, which is probably the most easy and non-invasive way of obtaining stem cells; hair follicle MSCs can undergo adipogenesis and osteogenesis &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wang B, Liu XM, Liu ZN, Wang Y, Han X, Lian AB, Mu Y, Jin MH, Liu JY. Human hair follicle-derived mesenchymal stem cells: Isolation, expansion, and differentiation. World J Stem Cells. 2020 Jun 26;12(6):462-470. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i6.462&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Savkovic V, Li H, Obradovic D, Masieri FF, Bartella AK, Zimmerer R, Simon JC, Etz C, Lethaus B. The Angiogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from the Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheath. J Clin Med. 2021 Feb 26;10(5):911. doi: 10.3390/jcm10050911&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Dental pulp''': an easily accessible source of MSCs during dental surgeries. Dental pulp MSCs are usually used for bone and neural regeneration; their chondrogenic differentiation capacity is limited compared to other types of MSCs. However, some studies show a decrease in the proliferative activity of MSCs isolated from the dental pulp associated with the number of passages of cultivation time &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Anitua E, Troya M, Zalduendo M. Progress in the use of dental pulp stem cells in regenerative medicine. Cytotherapy. 2018 Apr;20(4):479-498. doi: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.12.011. Epub 2018 Feb 12&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Alraies A, Waddington RJ, Sloan AJ, Moseley R. Evaluation of Dental Pulp Stem Cell Heterogeneity and Behaviour in 3D Type I Collagen Gels. Biomed Res Int. 2020 Sep 10;2020:3034727. doi: 10.1155/2020/3034727&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
*'''Placenta''': abundant in MSCs characterised by high proliferation rates and strong immunosuppressive effects, capable of differentiation into e.g. hepatocytes or pancreatic cells &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wang L, Ott L, Seshareddy K, Weiss ML, Detamore MS. Musculoskeletal tissue engineering with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells. Regen Med. 2011 Jan;6(1):95-109. doi: 10.2217/rme.10.98&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Um S, Ha J, Choi SJ, Oh W, Jin HJ. Prospects for the therapeutic development of umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells. World J Stem Cells. 2020 Dec 26;12(12):1511-1528. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i12.1511&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Amniotic fluid''': MSCs originating from amniotic fluid are mainly used alongside surgery as autologous material to aid organ repair in treatment of congenital birth anomalies such as spina bifida, diaphragmatic hernia or cardiac defects. Amniotic fluid is accessible by needle aspiration, and only small quantities are necessary to establish a cell culture, as they have ability to proliferate rapidly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Bibliography=&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Translations:Mezenchymalne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/3/en&amp;diff=1135</id>
		<title>Translations:Mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste/3/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Translations:Mezenchymalne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/3/en&amp;diff=1135"/>
		<updated>2021-06-23T13:29:41Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: Utworzono nową stronę &amp;quot;*'''Bone marrow''': abundant in MSCs capable of differentiation into many cell types, including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, hepatocytes etc. Bone marrow-derived MSCs are...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;*'''Bone marrow''': abundant in MSCs capable of differentiation into many cell types, including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, hepatocytes etc. Bone marrow-derived MSCs are an attractive material for therapeutic purposes, although their differentiation potential depends on many factors, including the age of the donor, however, a certain limitation of obtaining MSC from the bone marrow is the procedure of their collection, which is an invasive method &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Prockop DJ. Marrow stromal cells as stem cells for nonhematopoietic tissues. Science. 1997 Apr 4;276(5309):71-4. doi: 10.1126/science.276.5309.71&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Dezawa M, Ishikawa H, Itokazu Y, Yoshihara T, Hoshino M, Takeda S, Ide C, Nabeshima Y. Bone marrow stromal cells generate muscle cells and repair muscle degeneration. Science. 2005 Jul 8;309(5732):314-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1110364&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Adipose tissue''': rich in MSCs that are highly proliferative, easily obtainable through liposuction, and capable of differentiating into cells of adipogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic and myogenic lineages &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Skeletal muscle''': distinct from the exclusively myogenic satellite cells, muscle-derived MSCs are capable of differentiation into cells of osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages , however, they are primarily used to repair skeletal muscle tissue. They are characterised by high self-renewal properties, and can be obtained by biopsy from any muscle of the body &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U, Kurpisz M. Muscle Stem/Progenitor Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Bone Marrow Origin for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Muscular Dystrophies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2018 Oct;66(5):341-354. doi: 10.1007/s00005-018-0509-7. Epub 2018 Mar 13&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Skin''': a source of highly proliferative cells, used especially for dermis regeneration, e.g. in treatment of extensive burns, but also capable of differentiation into myo-, adipo-, osteo- and chondrocytes, as well as neural and pancreatic cells. MSCs can be also isolated from hair follicles, which is probably the most easy and non-invasive way of obtaining stem cells; hair follicle MSCs can undergo adipogenesis and osteogenesis &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wang B, Liu XM, Liu ZN, Wang Y, Han X, Lian AB, Mu Y, Jin MH, Liu JY. Human hair follicle-derived mesenchymal stem cells: Isolation, expansion, and differentiation. World J Stem Cells. 2020 Jun 26;12(6):462-470. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i6.462&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Savkovic V, Li H, Obradovic D, Masieri FF, Bartella AK, Zimmerer R, Simon JC, Etz C, Lethaus B. The Angiogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from the Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheath. J Clin Med. 2021 Feb 26;10(5):911. doi: 10.3390/jcm10050911&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Dental pulp''': an easily accessible source of MSCs during dental surgeries. Dental pulp MSCs are usually used for bone and neural regeneration; their chondrogenic differentiation capacity is limited compared to other types of MSCs. However, some studies show a decrease in the proliferative activity of MSCs isolated from the dental pulp associated with the number of passages of cultivation time &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Anitua E, Troya M, Zalduendo M. Progress in the use of dental pulp stem cells in regenerative medicine. Cytotherapy. 2018 Apr;20(4):479-498. doi: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.12.011. Epub 2018 Feb 12&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Alraies A, Waddington RJ, Sloan AJ, Moseley R. Evaluation of Dental Pulp Stem Cell Heterogeneity and Behaviour in 3D Type I Collagen Gels. Biomed Res Int. 2020 Sep 10;2020:3034727. doi: 10.1155/2020/3034727&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
*'''Placenta''': abundant in MSCs characterised by high proliferation rates and strong immunosuppressive effects, capable of differentiation into e.g. hepatocytes or pancreatic cells &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wang L, Ott L, Seshareddy K, Weiss ML, Detamore MS. Musculoskeletal tissue engineering with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells. Regen Med. 2011 Jan;6(1):95-109. doi: 10.2217/rme.10.98&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Um S, Ha J, Choi SJ, Oh W, Jin HJ. Prospects for the therapeutic development of umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells. World J Stem Cells. 2020 Dec 26;12(12):1511-1528. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i12.1511&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Amniotic fluid''': MSCs originating from amniotic fluid are mainly used alongside surgery as autologous material to aid organ repair in treatment of congenital birth anomalies such as spina bifida, diaphragmatic hernia or cardiac defects. Amniotic fluid is accessible by needle aspiration, and only small quantities are necessary to establish a cell culture, as they have ability to proliferate rapidly.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Mezenchymalne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/en&amp;diff=1134</id>
		<title>Mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Mezenchymalne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/en&amp;diff=1134"/>
		<updated>2021-06-23T13:28:59Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: Utworzono nową stronę &amp;quot;=Bibliography=&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
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=Definition=&lt;br /&gt;
Mesenchymal stem cells, also known as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), are multipotent cells of mesodermal origin, residing in many tissues of the adult organism, capable of self-renewal and differentiation both into the cells of the tissue from which they originate and into other cells of mesenchymal and non-mesenchymal origin.&lt;br /&gt;
Mesenchymal stem / stromal cells have attracted special attention from the scientific world since their first isolation from the bone marrow by Friedenstein in the 1960s and have been described as adherent cells (adherent to the surface of plastic culture dishes) with a fibroblast-like morphology &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Friedenstein AJ, Petrakova KV, Kurolesova AI, Frolova GP. Heterotopic of bone marrow. Analysis of precursor cells for osteogenic and hematopoietic tissues. Transplantation 1968; 6: 230-47&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Friedenstein A, Kuralesova AI. Osteogenic precursor cells of bone marrow in radiation chimeras. Transplantation 1971; 12: 99-108&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. However, the term mesenchymal stem cells was proposed by Caplan and introduced to denote a type of cells that originated from adult bone marrow with a natural capacity for multipotential differentiation into diverse types of cells of mesenchymal origin &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells. J Orthop Res 1991; 9: 641-50&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
MSC cells are a heterogeneous population characterized by specific properties, i.e. the ability to self-renewal, the ability to differentiation into progenitor cells of a specific cell line involved in the regeneration of the damaged tissue in which they reside, and multipotency, i.e. the ability to differentiate into different types cells not only of mesodermal origin. Various types of tissue resident MSCs have been described in the literature and many reports indicate their biological features make these cells specific for the regeneration of the tissue from which they originate, however, their heterogeneity allows them to differentiate into different cell types &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, Jaiswal RK, Douglas R, Mosca JD, Moorman MA, Simonetti DW, Craig S, Marshak DR. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science. 1999 Apr 2;284(5411):143-7. doi: 10.1126/science.284.5411.143&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. Cells bearing the characteristics of MSCs have been isolated from many organs and tissues of the human body, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, skin, skeletal muscle, tendons, bones, liver, kidney, lung, spleen, pancreas, thymus, dental pulp, synovium and umbilical cords &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;da Silva Meirelles L, Chagastelles PC, Nardi NB. Mesenchymal stem cells reside in virtually all post-natal organs and tissues. J Cell Sci. 2006 Jun 1;119(Pt 11):2204-13. doi: 10.1242/jcs.02932. Epub 2006 May 9&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Tissue-Specific Progenitor Cells: Their Role in Tissue Homeostasis. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:4285215. doi: 10.1155/2016/4285215. Epub 2015 Dec 28&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
There are no specific markers to identify MSCs, however, irrespective of their tissue origin, MSCs isolated from various tissues are characterized as non-hematopoietic cells that can be identified by the presence of many common markers, including the CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105 and MHC class I antigens. MSCs do not express hematopoietic and endothelial markers on their surface, e.g. CD14, CD31, CD34, CD45, and lack of expression of MHC class II antigens and co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD80 and CD86, permitted their non-immunogenic properties. These biological features make MSCs isolated from adult tissues a promising source of cells for developing new therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicine &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U, Kurpisz M. Muscle Stem/Progenitor Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Bone Marrow Origin for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Muscular Dystrophies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2018 Oct;66(5):341-354. doi: 10.1007/s00005-018-0509-7. Epub 2018 Mar 13&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Pittenger MF, Discher DE, Péault BM, Phinney DG, Hare JM, Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cell perspective: cell biology to clinical progress. NPJ Regen Med. 2019 Dec 2;4:22. doi: 10.1038/s41536-019-0083-6&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Murphy MB, Moncivais K, Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells: environmentally responsive therapeutics for regenerative medicine. Exp Mol Med. 2013 Nov 15;45(11):e54. doi: 10.1038/emm.2013.94&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Rodríguez-Fuentes DE, Fernández-Garza LE, Samia-Meza JA, Barrera-Barrera SA, Caplan AI, Barrera-Saldaña HA. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Current Clinical Applications: A Systematic Review. Arch Med Res. 2021 Jan;52(1):93-101. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.08.006. Epub 2020 Sep 22&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
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=Sources of mesenchymal stem cells=&lt;br /&gt;
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*'''Bone marrow''': abundant in MSCs capable of differentiation into many cell types, including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, hepatocytes etc. Bone marrow-derived MSCs are an attractive material for therapeutic purposes, although their differentiation potential depends on many factors, including the age of the donor, however, a certain limitation of obtaining MSC from the bone marrow is the procedure of their collection, which is an invasive method &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Prockop DJ. Marrow stromal cells as stem cells for nonhematopoietic tissues. Science. 1997 Apr 4;276(5309):71-4. doi: 10.1126/science.276.5309.71&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Dezawa M, Ishikawa H, Itokazu Y, Yoshihara T, Hoshino M, Takeda S, Ide C, Nabeshima Y. Bone marrow stromal cells generate muscle cells and repair muscle degeneration. Science. 2005 Jul 8;309(5732):314-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1110364&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Adipose tissue''': rich in MSCs that are highly proliferative, easily obtainable through liposuction, and capable of differentiating into cells of adipogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic and myogenic lineages &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Skeletal muscle''': distinct from the exclusively myogenic satellite cells, muscle-derived MSCs are capable of differentiation into cells of osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages , however, they are primarily used to repair skeletal muscle tissue. They are characterised by high self-renewal properties, and can be obtained by biopsy from any muscle of the body &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U, Kurpisz M. Muscle Stem/Progenitor Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Bone Marrow Origin for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Muscular Dystrophies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2018 Oct;66(5):341-354. doi: 10.1007/s00005-018-0509-7. Epub 2018 Mar 13&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Skin''': a source of highly proliferative cells, used especially for dermis regeneration, e.g. in treatment of extensive burns, but also capable of differentiation into myo-, adipo-, osteo- and chondrocytes, as well as neural and pancreatic cells. MSCs can be also isolated from hair follicles, which is probably the most easy and non-invasive way of obtaining stem cells; hair follicle MSCs can undergo adipogenesis and osteogenesis &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wang B, Liu XM, Liu ZN, Wang Y, Han X, Lian AB, Mu Y, Jin MH, Liu JY. Human hair follicle-derived mesenchymal stem cells: Isolation, expansion, and differentiation. World J Stem Cells. 2020 Jun 26;12(6):462-470. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i6.462&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Savkovic V, Li H, Obradovic D, Masieri FF, Bartella AK, Zimmerer R, Simon JC, Etz C, Lethaus B. The Angiogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from the Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheath. J Clin Med. 2021 Feb 26;10(5):911. doi: 10.3390/jcm10050911&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Dental pulp''': an easily accessible source of MSCs during dental surgeries. Dental pulp MSCs are usually used for bone and neural regeneration; their chondrogenic differentiation capacity is limited compared to other types of MSCs. However, some studies show a decrease in the proliferative activity of MSCs isolated from the dental pulp associated with the number of passages of cultivation time &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Anitua E, Troya M, Zalduendo M. Progress in the use of dental pulp stem cells in regenerative medicine. Cytotherapy. 2018 Apr;20(4):479-498. doi: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.12.011. Epub 2018 Feb 12&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Alraies A, Waddington RJ, Sloan AJ, Moseley R. Evaluation of Dental Pulp Stem Cell Heterogeneity and Behaviour in 3D Type I Collagen Gels. Biomed Res Int. 2020 Sep 10;2020:3034727. doi: 10.1155/2020/3034727&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
*'''Placenta''': abundant in MSCs characterised by high proliferation rates and strong immunosuppressive effects, capable of differentiation into e.g. hepatocytes or pancreatic cells &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wang L, Ott L, Seshareddy K, Weiss ML, Detamore MS. Musculoskeletal tissue engineering with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells. Regen Med. 2011 Jan;6(1):95-109. doi: 10.2217/rme.10.98&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Um S, Ha J, Choi SJ, Oh W, Jin HJ. Prospects for the therapeutic development of umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells. World J Stem Cells. 2020 Dec 26;12(12):1511-1528. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i12.1511&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Amniotic fluid''': MSCs originating from amniotic fluid are mainly used alongside surgery as autologous material to aid organ repair in treatment of congenital birth anomalies such as spina bifida, diaphragmatic hernia or cardiac defects. Amniotic fluid is accessible by needle aspiration, and only small quantities are necessary to establish a cell culture, as they have ability to proliferate rapidly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Szpik kostny'''. Zawiera MSC zdolne do różnicowania w wiele typów komórek, w tym osteoblasty, chondrocyty, hepatocyty i inne. MSC pochodzące ze szpiku kostnego stanowią atrakcyjny materiał dla celów terapeutycznych, chociaż ich potencjał różnicowania zależy od wielu czynników między innymi od wieku dawcy. Pewnym ograniczeniem pozyskiwania MSC ze szpiku jest procedura ich pobrania, która należy do metod inwazyjnych &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Prockop DJ. Marrow stromal cells as stem cells for nonhematopoietic tissues. Science. 1997 Apr 4;276(5309):71-4. doi: 10.1126/science.276.5309.71&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Dezawa M, Ishikawa H, Itokazu Y, Yoshihara T, Hoshino M, Takeda S, Ide C, Nabeshima Y. Bone marrow stromal cells generate muscle cells and repair muscle degeneration. Science. 2005 Jul 8;309(5732):314-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1110364&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Tkanka tłuszczowa'''. Bogata w MSC obdarzone wysoką zdolnością proliferacji, łatwe do pozyskania metodą liposukcji i różnicujące się w komórki tkanki tłuszczowej, kostnej, chrzęstnej oraz mięśniowej &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Mięsień szkieletowy'''. W odróżnieniu od unipotencjalnych komórek satelitowych, różnicujących się jedynie w komórki miogenne, MSC pochodzące z mięśni szkieletowych zdolne są także do osteo- oraz chondrogenezy, aczkolwiek stosowane są głównie do regeneracji tkanek mięśni szkieletowych. Charakteryzują się wysoką zdolnością odnawiania się i można je pozyskać metodą biopsji z dowolnego mięśnia pacjenta &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U, Kurpisz M. Muscle Stem/Progenitor Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Bone Marrow Origin for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Muscular Dystrophies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2018 Oct;66(5):341-354. doi: 10.1007/s00005-018-0509-7&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
*'''Skóra'''. Stanowi źródło komórek MSC o dużej zdolności proliferacyjnej. Najczęściej stosowane są w regeneracji tkanki, z której się wywodzą tj. skóry np. w leczeniu ciężkich rozległych oparzeń; są również zdolne do różnicowania w mio-, adipo-, osteo- oraz chondrocyty, a także komórki układu nerwowego lub trzustki.  MSC można także wyizolować z mieszków włosowych, co jest prawdopodobnie najłatwiejszą oraz najmniej inwazyjną metodą pozyskania komórek macierzystych; MSC z mieszka włosowego posiadają zdolność adipo- oraz osteogenezy &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wang B, Liu XM, Liu ZN, Wang Y, Han X, Lian AB, Mu Y, Jin MH, Liu JY. Human hair follicle-derived mesenchymal stem cells: Isolation, expansion, and differentiation. World J Stem Cells. 2020 Jun 26;12(6):462-470. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i6.462&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Savkovic V, Li H, Obradovic D, Masieri FF, Bartella AK, Zimmerer R, Simon JC, Etz C, Lethaus B. The Angiogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from the Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheath. J Clin Med. 2021 Feb 26;10(5):911. doi: 10.3390/jcm10050911&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Miazga zęba'''. Ekstrakcja zębów jest jedną z powszechnie wykonywanych procedur dentystycznych, zatem miazga zęba może być łatwo dostępnym źródłem komórek macierzystych. MSC z miazgi zęba są najczęściej wykorzystywane do regeneracji tkanki kostnej lub nerwowej; natomiast ich zdolność do chondrogenezy jest ograniczona w porównaniu z innymi rodzajami MSC. Ponadto, niektóre badania wykazują spadek aktywności proliferacyjnej MSC izolowanych z miazgi zęba wraz z upływem czasu hodowli i liczby pasaży &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Anitua E, Troya M, Zalduendo M. Progress in the use of dental pulp stem cells in regenerative medicine. Cytotherapy. 2018 Apr;20(4):479-498. doi: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.12.011. Epub 2018 Feb 12&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Alraies A, Waddington RJ, Sloan AJ, Moseley R. Evaluation of Dental Pulp Stem Cell Heterogeneity and Behaviour in 3D Type I Collagen Gels. Biomed Res Int. 2020 Sep 10;2020:3034727. doi: 10.1155/2020/3034727&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Łożysko'''. Bogate źródło MSC charakteryzujących się wysokim tempem proliferacji oraz silnym efektem immunosupresyjnym. Jako jedne z niewielu, MSC pozyskane z łożyska są także zdolne do różnicowania w hepatocyty oraz komórki trzustki &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wang L, Ott L, Seshareddy K, Weiss ML, Detamore MS. Musculoskeletal tissue engineering with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells. Regen Med. 2011 Jan;6(1):95-109. doi: 10.2217/rme.10.98&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Um S, Ha J, Choi SJ, Oh W, Jin HJ. Prospects for the therapeutic development of umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells. World J Stem Cells. 2020 Dec 26;12(12):1511-1528. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i12.1511&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Płyn owodniowy'''. MSC pochodzące z płynu owodniowego najczęściej wykorzystuje się w układzie autologicznym, jako czynnik wspierający naprawę tkanek przy operacjach wrodzonych defektów takich jak rozszczep kręgosłupa, przepuklina przeponowa czy wady serca. Płyn owodniowy jest łatwy do pobrania za pomocą aspiracji; niewielka objętość jest wystarczająca dla założenia hodowli znajdujących się w nim komórek MSC, gdyż odznaczają się one wysokim tempem proliferacji.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Bibliography=&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Translations:Mezenchymalne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/4/en&amp;diff=1133</id>
		<title>Translations:Mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste/4/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Translations:Mezenchymalne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/4/en&amp;diff=1133"/>
		<updated>2021-06-23T13:28:59Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: Utworzono nową stronę &amp;quot;=Bibliography=&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;=Bibliography=&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Mezenchymalne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/en&amp;diff=1132</id>
		<title>Mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Mezenchymalne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/en&amp;diff=1132"/>
		<updated>2021-06-23T13:28:42Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;languages/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=Definition=&lt;br /&gt;
Mesenchymal stem cells, also known as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), are multipotent cells of mesodermal origin, residing in many tissues of the adult organism, capable of self-renewal and differentiation both into the cells of the tissue from which they originate and into other cells of mesenchymal and non-mesenchymal origin.&lt;br /&gt;
Mesenchymal stem / stromal cells have attracted special attention from the scientific world since their first isolation from the bone marrow by Friedenstein in the 1960s and have been described as adherent cells (adherent to the surface of plastic culture dishes) with a fibroblast-like morphology &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Friedenstein AJ, Petrakova KV, Kurolesova AI, Frolova GP. Heterotopic of bone marrow. Analysis of precursor cells for osteogenic and hematopoietic tissues. Transplantation 1968; 6: 230-47&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Friedenstein A, Kuralesova AI. Osteogenic precursor cells of bone marrow in radiation chimeras. Transplantation 1971; 12: 99-108&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. However, the term mesenchymal stem cells was proposed by Caplan and introduced to denote a type of cells that originated from adult bone marrow with a natural capacity for multipotential differentiation into diverse types of cells of mesenchymal origin &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells. J Orthop Res 1991; 9: 641-50&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
MSC cells are a heterogeneous population characterized by specific properties, i.e. the ability to self-renewal, the ability to differentiation into progenitor cells of a specific cell line involved in the regeneration of the damaged tissue in which they reside, and multipotency, i.e. the ability to differentiate into different types cells not only of mesodermal origin. Various types of tissue resident MSCs have been described in the literature and many reports indicate their biological features make these cells specific for the regeneration of the tissue from which they originate, however, their heterogeneity allows them to differentiate into different cell types &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, Jaiswal RK, Douglas R, Mosca JD, Moorman MA, Simonetti DW, Craig S, Marshak DR. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science. 1999 Apr 2;284(5411):143-7. doi: 10.1126/science.284.5411.143&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. Cells bearing the characteristics of MSCs have been isolated from many organs and tissues of the human body, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, skin, skeletal muscle, tendons, bones, liver, kidney, lung, spleen, pancreas, thymus, dental pulp, synovium and umbilical cords &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;da Silva Meirelles L, Chagastelles PC, Nardi NB. Mesenchymal stem cells reside in virtually all post-natal organs and tissues. J Cell Sci. 2006 Jun 1;119(Pt 11):2204-13. doi: 10.1242/jcs.02932. Epub 2006 May 9&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Tissue-Specific Progenitor Cells: Their Role in Tissue Homeostasis. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:4285215. doi: 10.1155/2016/4285215. Epub 2015 Dec 28&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
There are no specific markers to identify MSCs, however, irrespective of their tissue origin, MSCs isolated from various tissues are characterized as non-hematopoietic cells that can be identified by the presence of many common markers, including the CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105 and MHC class I antigens. MSCs do not express hematopoietic and endothelial markers on their surface, e.g. CD14, CD31, CD34, CD45, and lack of expression of MHC class II antigens and co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD80 and CD86, permitted their non-immunogenic properties. These biological features make MSCs isolated from adult tissues a promising source of cells for developing new therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicine &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U, Kurpisz M. Muscle Stem/Progenitor Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Bone Marrow Origin for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Muscular Dystrophies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2018 Oct;66(5):341-354. doi: 10.1007/s00005-018-0509-7. Epub 2018 Mar 13&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Pittenger MF, Discher DE, Péault BM, Phinney DG, Hare JM, Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cell perspective: cell biology to clinical progress. NPJ Regen Med. 2019 Dec 2;4:22. doi: 10.1038/s41536-019-0083-6&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Murphy MB, Moncivais K, Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells: environmentally responsive therapeutics for regenerative medicine. Exp Mol Med. 2013 Nov 15;45(11):e54. doi: 10.1038/emm.2013.94&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Rodríguez-Fuentes DE, Fernández-Garza LE, Samia-Meza JA, Barrera-Barrera SA, Caplan AI, Barrera-Saldaña HA. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Current Clinical Applications: A Systematic Review. Arch Med Res. 2021 Jan;52(1):93-101. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.08.006. Epub 2020 Sep 22&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Sources of mesenchymal stem cells=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Bone marrow''': abundant in MSCs capable of differentiation into many cell types, including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, hepatocytes etc. Bone marrow-derived MSCs are an attractive material for therapeutic purposes, although their differentiation potential depends on many factors, including the age of the donor, however, a certain limitation of obtaining MSC from the bone marrow is the procedure of their collection, which is an invasive method &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Prockop DJ. Marrow stromal cells as stem cells for nonhematopoietic tissues. Science. 1997 Apr 4;276(5309):71-4. doi: 10.1126/science.276.5309.71&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Dezawa M, Ishikawa H, Itokazu Y, Yoshihara T, Hoshino M, Takeda S, Ide C, Nabeshima Y. Bone marrow stromal cells generate muscle cells and repair muscle degeneration. Science. 2005 Jul 8;309(5732):314-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1110364&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Adipose tissue''': rich in MSCs that are highly proliferative, easily obtainable through liposuction, and capable of differentiating into cells of adipogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic and myogenic lineages &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Skeletal muscle''': distinct from the exclusively myogenic satellite cells, muscle-derived MSCs are capable of differentiation into cells of osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages , however, they are primarily used to repair skeletal muscle tissue. They are characterised by high self-renewal properties, and can be obtained by biopsy from any muscle of the body &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U, Kurpisz M. Muscle Stem/Progenitor Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Bone Marrow Origin for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Muscular Dystrophies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2018 Oct;66(5):341-354. doi: 10.1007/s00005-018-0509-7. Epub 2018 Mar 13&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Skin''': a source of highly proliferative cells, used especially for dermis regeneration, e.g. in treatment of extensive burns, but also capable of differentiation into myo-, adipo-, osteo- and chondrocytes, as well as neural and pancreatic cells. MSCs can be also isolated from hair follicles, which is probably the most easy and non-invasive way of obtaining stem cells; hair follicle MSCs can undergo adipogenesis and osteogenesis &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wang B, Liu XM, Liu ZN, Wang Y, Han X, Lian AB, Mu Y, Jin MH, Liu JY. Human hair follicle-derived mesenchymal stem cells: Isolation, expansion, and differentiation. World J Stem Cells. 2020 Jun 26;12(6):462-470. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i6.462&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Savkovic V, Li H, Obradovic D, Masieri FF, Bartella AK, Zimmerer R, Simon JC, Etz C, Lethaus B. The Angiogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from the Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheath. J Clin Med. 2021 Feb 26;10(5):911. doi: 10.3390/jcm10050911&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Dental pulp''': an easily accessible source of MSCs during dental surgeries. Dental pulp MSCs are usually used for bone and neural regeneration; their chondrogenic differentiation capacity is limited compared to other types of MSCs. However, some studies show a decrease in the proliferative activity of MSCs isolated from the dental pulp associated with the number of passages of cultivation time &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Anitua E, Troya M, Zalduendo M. Progress in the use of dental pulp stem cells in regenerative medicine. Cytotherapy. 2018 Apr;20(4):479-498. doi: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.12.011. Epub 2018 Feb 12&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Alraies A, Waddington RJ, Sloan AJ, Moseley R. Evaluation of Dental Pulp Stem Cell Heterogeneity and Behaviour in 3D Type I Collagen Gels. Biomed Res Int. 2020 Sep 10;2020:3034727. doi: 10.1155/2020/3034727&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
*'''Placenta''': abundant in MSCs characterised by high proliferation rates and strong immunosuppressive effects, capable of differentiation into e.g. hepatocytes or pancreatic cells &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wang L, Ott L, Seshareddy K, Weiss ML, Detamore MS. Musculoskeletal tissue engineering with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells. Regen Med. 2011 Jan;6(1):95-109. doi: 10.2217/rme.10.98&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Um S, Ha J, Choi SJ, Oh W, Jin HJ. Prospects for the therapeutic development of umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells. World J Stem Cells. 2020 Dec 26;12(12):1511-1528. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i12.1511&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Amniotic fluid''': MSCs originating from amniotic fluid are mainly used alongside surgery as autologous material to aid organ repair in treatment of congenital birth anomalies such as spina bifida, diaphragmatic hernia or cardiac defects. Amniotic fluid is accessible by needle aspiration, and only small quantities are necessary to establish a cell culture, as they have ability to proliferate rapidly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Szpik kostny'''. Zawiera MSC zdolne do różnicowania w wiele typów komórek, w tym osteoblasty, chondrocyty, hepatocyty i inne. MSC pochodzące ze szpiku kostnego stanowią atrakcyjny materiał dla celów terapeutycznych, chociaż ich potencjał różnicowania zależy od wielu czynników między innymi od wieku dawcy. Pewnym ograniczeniem pozyskiwania MSC ze szpiku jest procedura ich pobrania, która należy do metod inwazyjnych &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Prockop DJ. Marrow stromal cells as stem cells for nonhematopoietic tissues. Science. 1997 Apr 4;276(5309):71-4. doi: 10.1126/science.276.5309.71&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Dezawa M, Ishikawa H, Itokazu Y, Yoshihara T, Hoshino M, Takeda S, Ide C, Nabeshima Y. Bone marrow stromal cells generate muscle cells and repair muscle degeneration. Science. 2005 Jul 8;309(5732):314-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1110364&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Tkanka tłuszczowa'''. Bogata w MSC obdarzone wysoką zdolnością proliferacji, łatwe do pozyskania metodą liposukcji i różnicujące się w komórki tkanki tłuszczowej, kostnej, chrzęstnej oraz mięśniowej &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Mięsień szkieletowy'''. W odróżnieniu od unipotencjalnych komórek satelitowych, różnicujących się jedynie w komórki miogenne, MSC pochodzące z mięśni szkieletowych zdolne są także do osteo- oraz chondrogenezy, aczkolwiek stosowane są głównie do regeneracji tkanek mięśni szkieletowych. Charakteryzują się wysoką zdolnością odnawiania się i można je pozyskać metodą biopsji z dowolnego mięśnia pacjenta &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U, Kurpisz M. Muscle Stem/Progenitor Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Bone Marrow Origin for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Muscular Dystrophies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2018 Oct;66(5):341-354. doi: 10.1007/s00005-018-0509-7&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
*'''Skóra'''. Stanowi źródło komórek MSC o dużej zdolności proliferacyjnej. Najczęściej stosowane są w regeneracji tkanki, z której się wywodzą tj. skóry np. w leczeniu ciężkich rozległych oparzeń; są również zdolne do różnicowania w mio-, adipo-, osteo- oraz chondrocyty, a także komórki układu nerwowego lub trzustki.  MSC można także wyizolować z mieszków włosowych, co jest prawdopodobnie najłatwiejszą oraz najmniej inwazyjną metodą pozyskania komórek macierzystych; MSC z mieszka włosowego posiadają zdolność adipo- oraz osteogenezy &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wang B, Liu XM, Liu ZN, Wang Y, Han X, Lian AB, Mu Y, Jin MH, Liu JY. Human hair follicle-derived mesenchymal stem cells: Isolation, expansion, and differentiation. World J Stem Cells. 2020 Jun 26;12(6):462-470. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i6.462&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Savkovic V, Li H, Obradovic D, Masieri FF, Bartella AK, Zimmerer R, Simon JC, Etz C, Lethaus B. The Angiogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from the Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheath. J Clin Med. 2021 Feb 26;10(5):911. doi: 10.3390/jcm10050911&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Miazga zęba'''. Ekstrakcja zębów jest jedną z powszechnie wykonywanych procedur dentystycznych, zatem miazga zęba może być łatwo dostępnym źródłem komórek macierzystych. MSC z miazgi zęba są najczęściej wykorzystywane do regeneracji tkanki kostnej lub nerwowej; natomiast ich zdolność do chondrogenezy jest ograniczona w porównaniu z innymi rodzajami MSC. Ponadto, niektóre badania wykazują spadek aktywności proliferacyjnej MSC izolowanych z miazgi zęba wraz z upływem czasu hodowli i liczby pasaży &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Anitua E, Troya M, Zalduendo M. Progress in the use of dental pulp stem cells in regenerative medicine. Cytotherapy. 2018 Apr;20(4):479-498. doi: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.12.011. Epub 2018 Feb 12&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Alraies A, Waddington RJ, Sloan AJ, Moseley R. Evaluation of Dental Pulp Stem Cell Heterogeneity and Behaviour in 3D Type I Collagen Gels. Biomed Res Int. 2020 Sep 10;2020:3034727. doi: 10.1155/2020/3034727&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Łożysko'''. Bogate źródło MSC charakteryzujących się wysokim tempem proliferacji oraz silnym efektem immunosupresyjnym. Jako jedne z niewielu, MSC pozyskane z łożyska są także zdolne do różnicowania w hepatocyty oraz komórki trzustki &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wang L, Ott L, Seshareddy K, Weiss ML, Detamore MS. Musculoskeletal tissue engineering with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells. Regen Med. 2011 Jan;6(1):95-109. doi: 10.2217/rme.10.98&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Um S, Ha J, Choi SJ, Oh W, Jin HJ. Prospects for the therapeutic development of umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells. World J Stem Cells. 2020 Dec 26;12(12):1511-1528. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i12.1511&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Płyn owodniowy'''. MSC pochodzące z płynu owodniowego najczęściej wykorzystuje się w układzie autologicznym, jako czynnik wspierający naprawę tkanek przy operacjach wrodzonych defektów takich jak rozszczep kręgosłupa, przepuklina przeponowa czy wady serca. Płyn owodniowy jest łatwy do pobrania za pomocą aspiracji; niewielka objętość jest wystarczająca dla założenia hodowli znajdujących się w nim komórek MSC, gdyż odznaczają się one wysokim tempem proliferacji.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Bibliografia=&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Translations:Mezenchymalne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/2/en&amp;diff=1131</id>
		<title>Translations:Mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste/2/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Translations:Mezenchymalne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/2/en&amp;diff=1131"/>
		<updated>2021-06-23T13:28:42Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;=Sources of mesenchymal stem cells=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Bone marrow''': abundant in MSCs capable of differentiation into many cell types, including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, hepatocytes etc. Bone marrow-derived MSCs are an attractive material for therapeutic purposes, although their differentiation potential depends on many factors, including the age of the donor, however, a certain limitation of obtaining MSC from the bone marrow is the procedure of their collection, which is an invasive method &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Prockop DJ. Marrow stromal cells as stem cells for nonhematopoietic tissues. Science. 1997 Apr 4;276(5309):71-4. doi: 10.1126/science.276.5309.71&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Dezawa M, Ishikawa H, Itokazu Y, Yoshihara T, Hoshino M, Takeda S, Ide C, Nabeshima Y. Bone marrow stromal cells generate muscle cells and repair muscle degeneration. Science. 2005 Jul 8;309(5732):314-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1110364&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Adipose tissue''': rich in MSCs that are highly proliferative, easily obtainable through liposuction, and capable of differentiating into cells of adipogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic and myogenic lineages &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Skeletal muscle''': distinct from the exclusively myogenic satellite cells, muscle-derived MSCs are capable of differentiation into cells of osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages , however, they are primarily used to repair skeletal muscle tissue. They are characterised by high self-renewal properties, and can be obtained by biopsy from any muscle of the body &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U, Kurpisz M. Muscle Stem/Progenitor Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Bone Marrow Origin for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Muscular Dystrophies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2018 Oct;66(5):341-354. doi: 10.1007/s00005-018-0509-7. Epub 2018 Mar 13&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Skin''': a source of highly proliferative cells, used especially for dermis regeneration, e.g. in treatment of extensive burns, but also capable of differentiation into myo-, adipo-, osteo- and chondrocytes, as well as neural and pancreatic cells. MSCs can be also isolated from hair follicles, which is probably the most easy and non-invasive way of obtaining stem cells; hair follicle MSCs can undergo adipogenesis and osteogenesis &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wang B, Liu XM, Liu ZN, Wang Y, Han X, Lian AB, Mu Y, Jin MH, Liu JY. Human hair follicle-derived mesenchymal stem cells: Isolation, expansion, and differentiation. World J Stem Cells. 2020 Jun 26;12(6):462-470. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i6.462&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Savkovic V, Li H, Obradovic D, Masieri FF, Bartella AK, Zimmerer R, Simon JC, Etz C, Lethaus B. The Angiogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from the Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheath. J Clin Med. 2021 Feb 26;10(5):911. doi: 10.3390/jcm10050911&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Dental pulp''': an easily accessible source of MSCs during dental surgeries. Dental pulp MSCs are usually used for bone and neural regeneration; their chondrogenic differentiation capacity is limited compared to other types of MSCs. However, some studies show a decrease in the proliferative activity of MSCs isolated from the dental pulp associated with the number of passages of cultivation time &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Anitua E, Troya M, Zalduendo M. Progress in the use of dental pulp stem cells in regenerative medicine. Cytotherapy. 2018 Apr;20(4):479-498. doi: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.12.011. Epub 2018 Feb 12&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Alraies A, Waddington RJ, Sloan AJ, Moseley R. Evaluation of Dental Pulp Stem Cell Heterogeneity and Behaviour in 3D Type I Collagen Gels. Biomed Res Int. 2020 Sep 10;2020:3034727. doi: 10.1155/2020/3034727&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
*'''Placenta''': abundant in MSCs characterised by high proliferation rates and strong immunosuppressive effects, capable of differentiation into e.g. hepatocytes or pancreatic cells &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wang L, Ott L, Seshareddy K, Weiss ML, Detamore MS. Musculoskeletal tissue engineering with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells. Regen Med. 2011 Jan;6(1):95-109. doi: 10.2217/rme.10.98&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Um S, Ha J, Choi SJ, Oh W, Jin HJ. Prospects for the therapeutic development of umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells. World J Stem Cells. 2020 Dec 26;12(12):1511-1528. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i12.1511&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Amniotic fluid''': MSCs originating from amniotic fluid are mainly used alongside surgery as autologous material to aid organ repair in treatment of congenital birth anomalies such as spina bifida, diaphragmatic hernia or cardiac defects. Amniotic fluid is accessible by needle aspiration, and only small quantities are necessary to establish a cell culture, as they have ability to proliferate rapidly.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Mezenchymalne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/en&amp;diff=1130</id>
		<title>Mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Mezenchymalne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/en&amp;diff=1130"/>
		<updated>2021-06-23T13:27:56Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;languages/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=Definition=&lt;br /&gt;
Mesenchymal stem cells, also known as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), are multipotent cells of mesodermal origin, residing in many tissues of the adult organism, capable of self-renewal and differentiation both into the cells of the tissue from which they originate and into other cells of mesenchymal and non-mesenchymal origin.&lt;br /&gt;
Mesenchymal stem / stromal cells have attracted special attention from the scientific world since their first isolation from the bone marrow by Friedenstein in the 1960s and have been described as adherent cells (adherent to the surface of plastic culture dishes) with a fibroblast-like morphology &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Friedenstein AJ, Petrakova KV, Kurolesova AI, Frolova GP. Heterotopic of bone marrow. Analysis of precursor cells for osteogenic and hematopoietic tissues. Transplantation 1968; 6: 230-47&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Friedenstein A, Kuralesova AI. Osteogenic precursor cells of bone marrow in radiation chimeras. Transplantation 1971; 12: 99-108&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. However, the term mesenchymal stem cells was proposed by Caplan and introduced to denote a type of cells that originated from adult bone marrow with a natural capacity for multipotential differentiation into diverse types of cells of mesenchymal origin &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells. J Orthop Res 1991; 9: 641-50&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
MSC cells are a heterogeneous population characterized by specific properties, i.e. the ability to self-renewal, the ability to differentiation into progenitor cells of a specific cell line involved in the regeneration of the damaged tissue in which they reside, and multipotency, i.e. the ability to differentiate into different types cells not only of mesodermal origin. Various types of tissue resident MSCs have been described in the literature and many reports indicate their biological features make these cells specific for the regeneration of the tissue from which they originate, however, their heterogeneity allows them to differentiate into different cell types &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, Jaiswal RK, Douglas R, Mosca JD, Moorman MA, Simonetti DW, Craig S, Marshak DR. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science. 1999 Apr 2;284(5411):143-7. doi: 10.1126/science.284.5411.143&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. Cells bearing the characteristics of MSCs have been isolated from many organs and tissues of the human body, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, skin, skeletal muscle, tendons, bones, liver, kidney, lung, spleen, pancreas, thymus, dental pulp, synovium and umbilical cords &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;da Silva Meirelles L, Chagastelles PC, Nardi NB. Mesenchymal stem cells reside in virtually all post-natal organs and tissues. J Cell Sci. 2006 Jun 1;119(Pt 11):2204-13. doi: 10.1242/jcs.02932. Epub 2006 May 9&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Tissue-Specific Progenitor Cells: Their Role in Tissue Homeostasis. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:4285215. doi: 10.1155/2016/4285215. Epub 2015 Dec 28&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
There are no specific markers to identify MSCs, however, irrespective of their tissue origin, MSCs isolated from various tissues are characterized as non-hematopoietic cells that can be identified by the presence of many common markers, including the CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105 and MHC class I antigens. MSCs do not express hematopoietic and endothelial markers on their surface, e.g. CD14, CD31, CD34, CD45, and lack of expression of MHC class II antigens and co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD80 and CD86, permitted their non-immunogenic properties. These biological features make MSCs isolated from adult tissues a promising source of cells for developing new therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicine &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U, Kurpisz M. Muscle Stem/Progenitor Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Bone Marrow Origin for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Muscular Dystrophies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2018 Oct;66(5):341-354. doi: 10.1007/s00005-018-0509-7. Epub 2018 Mar 13&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Pittenger MF, Discher DE, Péault BM, Phinney DG, Hare JM, Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cell perspective: cell biology to clinical progress. NPJ Regen Med. 2019 Dec 2;4:22. doi: 10.1038/s41536-019-0083-6&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Murphy MB, Moncivais K, Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells: environmentally responsive therapeutics for regenerative medicine. Exp Mol Med. 2013 Nov 15;45(11):e54. doi: 10.1038/emm.2013.94&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Rodríguez-Fuentes DE, Fernández-Garza LE, Samia-Meza JA, Barrera-Barrera SA, Caplan AI, Barrera-Saldaña HA. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Current Clinical Applications: A Systematic Review. Arch Med Res. 2021 Jan;52(1):93-101. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.08.006. Epub 2020 Sep 22&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;mw-translate-fuzzy&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=Bibliography=&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Szpik kostny'''. Zawiera MSC zdolne do różnicowania w wiele typów komórek, w tym osteoblasty, chondrocyty, hepatocyty i inne. MSC pochodzące ze szpiku kostnego stanowią atrakcyjny materiał dla celów terapeutycznych, chociaż ich potencjał różnicowania zależy od wielu czynników między innymi od wieku dawcy. Pewnym ograniczeniem pozyskiwania MSC ze szpiku jest procedura ich pobrania, która należy do metod inwazyjnych &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Prockop DJ. Marrow stromal cells as stem cells for nonhematopoietic tissues. Science. 1997 Apr 4;276(5309):71-4. doi: 10.1126/science.276.5309.71&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Dezawa M, Ishikawa H, Itokazu Y, Yoshihara T, Hoshino M, Takeda S, Ide C, Nabeshima Y. Bone marrow stromal cells generate muscle cells and repair muscle degeneration. Science. 2005 Jul 8;309(5732):314-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1110364&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Tkanka tłuszczowa'''. Bogata w MSC obdarzone wysoką zdolnością proliferacji, łatwe do pozyskania metodą liposukcji i różnicujące się w komórki tkanki tłuszczowej, kostnej, chrzęstnej oraz mięśniowej &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Mięsień szkieletowy'''. W odróżnieniu od unipotencjalnych komórek satelitowych, różnicujących się jedynie w komórki miogenne, MSC pochodzące z mięśni szkieletowych zdolne są także do osteo- oraz chondrogenezy, aczkolwiek stosowane są głównie do regeneracji tkanek mięśni szkieletowych. Charakteryzują się wysoką zdolnością odnawiania się i można je pozyskać metodą biopsji z dowolnego mięśnia pacjenta &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U, Kurpisz M. Muscle Stem/Progenitor Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Bone Marrow Origin for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Muscular Dystrophies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2018 Oct;66(5):341-354. doi: 10.1007/s00005-018-0509-7&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
*'''Skóra'''. Stanowi źródło komórek MSC o dużej zdolności proliferacyjnej. Najczęściej stosowane są w regeneracji tkanki, z której się wywodzą tj. skóry np. w leczeniu ciężkich rozległych oparzeń; są również zdolne do różnicowania w mio-, adipo-, osteo- oraz chondrocyty, a także komórki układu nerwowego lub trzustki.  MSC można także wyizolować z mieszków włosowych, co jest prawdopodobnie najłatwiejszą oraz najmniej inwazyjną metodą pozyskania komórek macierzystych; MSC z mieszka włosowego posiadają zdolność adipo- oraz osteogenezy &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wang B, Liu XM, Liu ZN, Wang Y, Han X, Lian AB, Mu Y, Jin MH, Liu JY. Human hair follicle-derived mesenchymal stem cells: Isolation, expansion, and differentiation. World J Stem Cells. 2020 Jun 26;12(6):462-470. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i6.462&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Savkovic V, Li H, Obradovic D, Masieri FF, Bartella AK, Zimmerer R, Simon JC, Etz C, Lethaus B. The Angiogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from the Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheath. J Clin Med. 2021 Feb 26;10(5):911. doi: 10.3390/jcm10050911&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Miazga zęba'''. Ekstrakcja zębów jest jedną z powszechnie wykonywanych procedur dentystycznych, zatem miazga zęba może być łatwo dostępnym źródłem komórek macierzystych. MSC z miazgi zęba są najczęściej wykorzystywane do regeneracji tkanki kostnej lub nerwowej; natomiast ich zdolność do chondrogenezy jest ograniczona w porównaniu z innymi rodzajami MSC. Ponadto, niektóre badania wykazują spadek aktywności proliferacyjnej MSC izolowanych z miazgi zęba wraz z upływem czasu hodowli i liczby pasaży &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Anitua E, Troya M, Zalduendo M. Progress in the use of dental pulp stem cells in regenerative medicine. Cytotherapy. 2018 Apr;20(4):479-498. doi: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.12.011. Epub 2018 Feb 12&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Alraies A, Waddington RJ, Sloan AJ, Moseley R. Evaluation of Dental Pulp Stem Cell Heterogeneity and Behaviour in 3D Type I Collagen Gels. Biomed Res Int. 2020 Sep 10;2020:3034727. doi: 10.1155/2020/3034727&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Łożysko'''. Bogate źródło MSC charakteryzujących się wysokim tempem proliferacji oraz silnym efektem immunosupresyjnym. Jako jedne z niewielu, MSC pozyskane z łożyska są także zdolne do różnicowania w hepatocyty oraz komórki trzustki &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wang L, Ott L, Seshareddy K, Weiss ML, Detamore MS. Musculoskeletal tissue engineering with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells. Regen Med. 2011 Jan;6(1):95-109. doi: 10.2217/rme.10.98&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Um S, Ha J, Choi SJ, Oh W, Jin HJ. Prospects for the therapeutic development of umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells. World J Stem Cells. 2020 Dec 26;12(12):1511-1528. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i12.1511&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Płyn owodniowy'''. MSC pochodzące z płynu owodniowego najczęściej wykorzystuje się w układzie autologicznym, jako czynnik wspierający naprawę tkanek przy operacjach wrodzonych defektów takich jak rozszczep kręgosłupa, przepuklina przeponowa czy wady serca. Płyn owodniowy jest łatwy do pobrania za pomocą aspiracji; niewielka objętość jest wystarczająca dla założenia hodowli znajdujących się w nim komórek MSC, gdyż odznaczają się one wysokim tempem proliferacji.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Bibliografia=&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Translations:Mezenchymalne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/1/en&amp;diff=1129</id>
		<title>Translations:Mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste/1/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Translations:Mezenchymalne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/1/en&amp;diff=1129"/>
		<updated>2021-06-23T13:27:56Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;=Definition=&lt;br /&gt;
Mesenchymal stem cells, also known as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), are multipotent cells of mesodermal origin, residing in many tissues of the adult organism, capable of self-renewal and differentiation both into the cells of the tissue from which they originate and into other cells of mesenchymal and non-mesenchymal origin.&lt;br /&gt;
Mesenchymal stem / stromal cells have attracted special attention from the scientific world since their first isolation from the bone marrow by Friedenstein in the 1960s and have been described as adherent cells (adherent to the surface of plastic culture dishes) with a fibroblast-like morphology &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Friedenstein AJ, Petrakova KV, Kurolesova AI, Frolova GP. Heterotopic of bone marrow. Analysis of precursor cells for osteogenic and hematopoietic tissues. Transplantation 1968; 6: 230-47&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Friedenstein A, Kuralesova AI. Osteogenic precursor cells of bone marrow in radiation chimeras. Transplantation 1971; 12: 99-108&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. However, the term mesenchymal stem cells was proposed by Caplan and introduced to denote a type of cells that originated from adult bone marrow with a natural capacity for multipotential differentiation into diverse types of cells of mesenchymal origin &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells. J Orthop Res 1991; 9: 641-50&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
MSC cells are a heterogeneous population characterized by specific properties, i.e. the ability to self-renewal, the ability to differentiation into progenitor cells of a specific cell line involved in the regeneration of the damaged tissue in which they reside, and multipotency, i.e. the ability to differentiate into different types cells not only of mesodermal origin. Various types of tissue resident MSCs have been described in the literature and many reports indicate their biological features make these cells specific for the regeneration of the tissue from which they originate, however, their heterogeneity allows them to differentiate into different cell types &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, Jaiswal RK, Douglas R, Mosca JD, Moorman MA, Simonetti DW, Craig S, Marshak DR. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science. 1999 Apr 2;284(5411):143-7. doi: 10.1126/science.284.5411.143&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. Cells bearing the characteristics of MSCs have been isolated from many organs and tissues of the human body, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, skin, skeletal muscle, tendons, bones, liver, kidney, lung, spleen, pancreas, thymus, dental pulp, synovium and umbilical cords &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;da Silva Meirelles L, Chagastelles PC, Nardi NB. Mesenchymal stem cells reside in virtually all post-natal organs and tissues. J Cell Sci. 2006 Jun 1;119(Pt 11):2204-13. doi: 10.1242/jcs.02932. Epub 2006 May 9&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Tissue-Specific Progenitor Cells: Their Role in Tissue Homeostasis. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:4285215. doi: 10.1155/2016/4285215. Epub 2015 Dec 28&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kozlowska U, Krawczenko A, Futoma K, Jurek T, Rorat M, Patrzalek D, Klimczak A. Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues. World J Stem Cells. 2019 Jun 26;11(6):347-374. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.347&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
There are no specific markers to identify MSCs, however, irrespective of their tissue origin, MSCs isolated from various tissues are characterized as non-hematopoietic cells that can be identified by the presence of many common markers, including the CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105 and MHC class I antigens. MSCs do not express hematopoietic and endothelial markers on their surface, e.g. CD14, CD31, CD34, CD45, and lack of expression of MHC class II antigens and co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD80 and CD86, permitted their non-immunogenic properties. These biological features make MSCs isolated from adult tissues a promising source of cells for developing new therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicine &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U, Kurpisz M. Muscle Stem/Progenitor Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Bone Marrow Origin for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Muscular Dystrophies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2018 Oct;66(5):341-354. doi: 10.1007/s00005-018-0509-7. Epub 2018 Mar 13&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Pittenger MF, Discher DE, Péault BM, Phinney DG, Hare JM, Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cell perspective: cell biology to clinical progress. NPJ Regen Med. 2019 Dec 2;4:22. doi: 10.1038/s41536-019-0083-6&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Murphy MB, Moncivais K, Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells: environmentally responsive therapeutics for regenerative medicine. Exp Mol Med. 2013 Nov 15;45(11):e54. doi: 10.1038/emm.2013.94&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Rodríguez-Fuentes DE, Fernández-Garza LE, Samia-Meza JA, Barrera-Barrera SA, Caplan AI, Barrera-Saldaña HA. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Current Clinical Applications: A Systematic Review. Arch Med Res. 2021 Jan;52(1):93-101. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.08.006. Epub 2020 Sep 22&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Somatyczne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/en&amp;diff=1123</id>
		<title>Somatyczne komórki macierzyste/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Somatyczne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/en&amp;diff=1123"/>
		<updated>2021-06-23T13:09:34Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;languages/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=Definition=&lt;br /&gt;
Somatic stem cells are undifferentiated cells that reside in many tissues of the adult body, where they play an important role in maintaining [[homeostaza/en|homeostasis]] and damaged tissues repair. They have a capacity for self-renewal and differentiation. Populations of somatic stem cells residing in a specific microenvironment of their cellular niche, are heterogenous and dynamic, and consisting of both active and quiescent cells. Somatic stem cells are an attractive tool for regenerative medicine, as compared to some types of immortalized or induced pluripotent cell lines, they do not carry a risk of tumor formation, do not come from embryos, and show low immunogenicity even in allogeneic systems &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;da Silva Meirelles L, Chagastelles PC, Nardi NB. Mesenchymal stem cells reside in virtually all post-natal organs and tissues. J Cell Sci. 2006 Jun 1;119(Pt 11):2204-13. doi: 10.1242/jcs.02932. Epub 2006 May 9&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Nombela-Arrieta C, Ritz J, Silberstein LE. The elusive nature and function of mesenchymal stem cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2011 Feb;12(2):126-31. doi: 10.1038/nrm3049&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Tissue-Specific Progenitor Cells: Their Role in Tissue Homeostasis. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:4285215. doi: 10.1155/2016/4285215. Epub 2015 Dec 28&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Bibliography=&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Adipogeneza&amp;diff=1116</id>
		<title>Adipogeneza</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Adipogeneza&amp;diff=1116"/>
		<updated>2021-06-23T09:38:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: Oznaczono tę wersję do tłumaczenia&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;languages/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;translate&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Definicja=  &amp;lt;!--T:8--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Adipogenezą nazywamy proces tworzenia tkanki tłuszczowej przez multipotencjalne komórki macierzyste, pochodzące z trzeciego listka zarodkowego - mezodermy. Komórka macierzysta we wczesnym stadium rozwoju adipogennego, po otrzymaniu sygnału różnicowania, staje się komórką progenitorową tkanki tłuszczowej (ang. Adipose Progenitor Cell) i traci zdolność różnicowania w kierunku innych komórek pochodzenia mezenchymalnego. Następnie przechodzi w stan proliferacji i różnicowania, w wyniku których przekształca się w dojrzałe adipocyty, białe lub brunatne, wypełnione lipidami i kwasami tłuszczowymi. Adipocyty są funkcjonalne zróżnicowane i pełnią odmienne role; głównym zadaniem białych adipocytów jest magazynowanie trójglicerydów podczas zwiększonej dostawy energii i wykorzystanie ich w okresach spadku energetycznego. Ponadto, białe adipocyty wydzielają adipokiny, substancje o charakterze hormonów o działaniu auto- i parakrynnym. Rolą brązowych adipocytów jest zapewnienie prawidłowej termoregulacji w obrębie tkanek i narządów.,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!--T:9--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Adipocyty tworzą tkankę tłuszczową, która pełni funkcję regulacyjną w organizmie człowieka poprzez interakcję z komórkami wielu tkanek i narządów w tym: układu nerwowego, krwionośnego, mięśniowego, dokrewnego i innych. Zaburzenia funkcji regulacyjnej tkanki tłuszczowej prowadzą do rozwoju wielu procesów patologicznych (otyłość, cukrzyca, choroby układu sercowo-krążeniowego) &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Gregoire FM, Smas CM, Sul HS. Understanding adipocyte differentiation. Physiol Rev. 1998 Jul;78(3):783-809. doi: 10.1152/physrev.1998.78.3.783 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Bibliografia= &amp;lt;!--T:10--&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/translate&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Adipogeneza&amp;diff=1115</id>
		<title>Adipogeneza</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Adipogeneza&amp;diff=1115"/>
		<updated>2021-06-23T09:36:33Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: /* Definicja */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;languages/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;translate&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Definicja= &lt;br /&gt;
Adipogenezą nazywamy proces tworzenia tkanki tłuszczowej przez multipotencjalne komórki macierzyste, pochodzące z trzeciego listka zarodkowego - mezodermy. Komórka macierzysta we wczesnym stadium rozwoju adipogennego, po otrzymaniu sygnału różnicowania, staje się komórką progenitorową tkanki tłuszczowej (ang. Adipose Progenitor Cell) i traci zdolność różnicowania w kierunku innych komórek pochodzenia mezenchymalnego. Następnie przechodzi w stan proliferacji i różnicowania, w wyniku których przekształca się w dojrzałe adipocyty, białe lub brunatne, wypełnione lipidami i kwasami tłuszczowymi. Adipocyty są funkcjonalne zróżnicowane i pełnią odmienne role; głównym zadaniem białych adipocytów jest magazynowanie trójglicerydów podczas zwiększonej dostawy energii i wykorzystanie ich w okresach spadku energetycznego. Ponadto, białe adipocyty wydzielają adipokiny, substancje o charakterze hormonów o działaniu auto- i parakrynnym. Rolą brązowych adipocytów jest zapewnienie prawidłowej termoregulacji w obrębie tkanek i narządów.,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Adipocyty tworzą tkankę tłuszczową, która pełni funkcję regulacyjną w organizmie człowieka poprzez interakcję z komórkami wielu tkanek i narządów w tym: układu nerwowego, krwionośnego, mięśniowego, dokrewnego i innych. Zaburzenia funkcji regulacyjnej tkanki tłuszczowej prowadzą do rozwoju wielu procesów patologicznych (otyłość, cukrzyca, choroby układu sercowo-krążeniowego) &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Gregoire FM, Smas CM, Sul HS. Understanding adipocyte differentiation. Physiol Rev. 1998 Jul;78(3):783-809. doi: 10.1152/physrev.1998.78.3.783 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Bibliografia= &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/translate&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Somatyczne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/en&amp;diff=1103</id>
		<title>Somatyczne komórki macierzyste/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Somatyczne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/en&amp;diff=1103"/>
		<updated>2021-05-19T13:50:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;languages/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=Definition=&lt;br /&gt;
Somatic stem cells are undifferentiated cells that reside in many tissues of the adult body, where they play an important role in maintaining [[homeostaza/en|homeostasis]] and damaged tissues repair. They have a capacity for self-renewal and differentiation. Populations of somatic stem cells residing in a specific microenvironment of their cellular niche, are heterogenous and dynamic, and consisting of both active and quiescent cells. Somatic stem cells are an attractive tool for regenerative medicine, as compared to some types of immortalized or induced pluripotent cell lines, they do not carry a risk of tumor formation, do not come from embryos, and show low immunogenicity even in allogeneic systems &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;da Silva Meirelles L, Chagastelles PC, Nardi NB. Mesenchymal stem cells reside in virtually all post-natal organs and tissues. J Cell Sci. 2006 Jun 1;119(Pt 11):2204-13. doi: 10.1242/jcs.02932. Epub 2006 May 9&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Nombela-Arrieta C, Ritz J, Silberstein LE. The elusive nature and function of mesenchymal stem cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2011 Feb;12(2):126-31. doi: 10.1038/nrm3049&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Tissue-Specific Progenitor Cells: Their Role in Tissue Homeostasis. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:4285215. doi: 10.1155/2016/4285215. Epub 2015 Dec 28&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of somatic stem cells=&lt;br /&gt;
Mesenchymal, hematopoietic, neural, or epithelial stem cells are most commonly used.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Epithelial stem cells''' are found e.g. in the small intestine, where they reside in crypts, migrate to villi and differentiate into enterocytes, goblet cells and enteroendocrine cells. &lt;br /&gt;
*'''Hematopoietic stem cells''' are most abundant in the bone marrow, but also present in umbilical cord blood, and in  a smaller degree peripheral blood. They give rise to all types of blood and immune cells, and have been used successfully in transplantation procedures.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Neural stem cells''' (NSC) reside in two main neurogenic niches of the adult mammalian brain: in the subventricular zone of lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. They differentiate into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, although not all cells of the NSC population are capable of differentiation into all three types. They are considered for regenerative therapy of neurodegenerative diseases, although their primary function is contribute to brain plasticity, learning and memory rather than damage repair. Moreover, therapeutic use of NSCs is challenging as it requires either intracerebral or xenotransplantation, or otherwise is restricted to stimulation of existing cells; there are also concerns about the integration of transplanted NSCs with surrounding tissue, and the effects of such a procedure on brain function.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Mesenchymal stem cells''' (MSC) are the most commonly used somatic stem cells, due to their high proliferation ability, multipotent differentiation potential (although they tend to favourably differentiate into the types of cells found in the tissue source), and immunomodulatory capacity. Originally characterised in bone marrow, MSCs were subsequently found in most vascularized tissues.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Sources of mesenchymal stem cells=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Bone marrow''': abundant in MSCs capable of differentiation into many cell types, including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, hepatocytes etc. Bone marrow MSCs have been proven effective for therapeutic uses, even though their differentiation potential depends on donor characteristics such as age; however, the collection of those cells is one of the most invasive procedures of obtaining MSCs.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Adipose tissue''': rich in MSCs that are highly proliferative, easily obtainable through liposuction, and capable of differentiating into cells of adipogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic and myogenic lineages.&lt;br /&gt;
* '''Skeletal muscle''': distinct from the exclusively myogenic satellite cells, muscle-derived MSCs are capable of differentiation into cells of osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages , however, they are primarily used to repair skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue. They are characterised by high self-renewal properties, and can be obtained by biopsy from any muscle of the body. &lt;br /&gt;
*'''Skin''': a source of highly proliferative cells, used especially for dermis reconstitution, e.g. in treatment of burns, but also capable of differentiation into myo-, adipo-, osteo- and chondrocytes, as well as neural and pancreatic cells. MSCs can be also isolated from hair follicles, which is probably the most easy and non-invasive way of obtaining stem cells; hair follicle MSCs can undergo adipogenesis and osteogenesis. &lt;br /&gt;
*'''Dental pulp''': an easily accessible source of MSCs, as dental surgeries are common procedures. Dental pulp MSCs are usually used for bone and neural regeneration; their chondrogenic differentiation capacity is limited compared to other types of MSCs. They might also exhibit decreased proliferation over time.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Placenta''': abundant in MSCs characterised by high proliferation rates and strong immunosuppressive effects, capable of differentiation into e.g. hepatocytes or pancreatic cells.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Amniotic fluid''': MSCs sourced from amniotic fluid are mainly used alongside surgery as autologous material to aid organ repair in treatment of congenital birth anomalies such as spina bifida, diaphragmatic hernia or cardiac defects. Amniotic fluid is accessible by needle aspiration, and only small quantities are necessary to establish a cell culture, as they tend to proliferate rapidly.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Peripheral blood''': although easily obtained, peripheral blood is not abundant in MSCs. Their adipogenic potential is higher than that of bone marrow-derived MSCs, but the capacity to differentiate into cells of other lineages is relatively inferior.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Bibliography=&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Translations:Somatyczne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/1/en&amp;diff=1102</id>
		<title>Translations:Somatyczne komórki macierzyste/1/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Translations:Somatyczne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/1/en&amp;diff=1102"/>
		<updated>2021-05-19T13:50:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;=Definition=&lt;br /&gt;
Somatic stem cells are undifferentiated cells that reside in many tissues of the adult body, where they play an important role in maintaining [[homeostaza/en|homeostasis]] and damaged tissues repair. They have a capacity for self-renewal and differentiation. Populations of somatic stem cells residing in a specific microenvironment of their cellular niche, are heterogenous and dynamic, and consisting of both active and quiescent cells. Somatic stem cells are an attractive tool for regenerative medicine, as compared to some types of immortalized or induced pluripotent cell lines, they do not carry a risk of tumor formation, do not come from embryos, and show low immunogenicity even in allogeneic systems &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;da Silva Meirelles L, Chagastelles PC, Nardi NB. Mesenchymal stem cells reside in virtually all post-natal organs and tissues. J Cell Sci. 2006 Jun 1;119(Pt 11):2204-13. doi: 10.1242/jcs.02932. Epub 2006 May 9&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Nombela-Arrieta C, Ritz J, Silberstein LE. The elusive nature and function of mesenchymal stem cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2011 Feb;12(2):126-31. doi: 10.1038/nrm3049&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Tissue-Specific Progenitor Cells: Their Role in Tissue Homeostasis. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:4285215. doi: 10.1155/2016/4285215. Epub 2015 Dec 28&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Somatyczne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/en&amp;diff=1101</id>
		<title>Somatyczne komórki macierzyste/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Somatyczne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/en&amp;diff=1101"/>
		<updated>2021-05-19T13:47:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;languages/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=Definition=&lt;br /&gt;
Somatic stem cells are undifferentiated cells that reside in many tissues of the adult body, where they play an important role in maintaining [[homeostaza/en|homeostasis]]and damaged tissues repair. They have a capacity for self-renewal and differentiation. Populations of somatic stem cells residing in a specific microenvironment of their cellular niche, are heterogenous and dynamic, and consisting of both active and quiescent cells. Somatic stem cells are an attractive tool for regenerative medicine, as compared to some types of immortalized or induced pluripotent cell lines, they do not carry a risk of tumor formation, do not come from embryos, and show low immunogenicity even in allogeneic systems &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;da Silva Meirelles L, Chagastelles PC, Nardi NB. Mesenchymal stem cells reside in virtually all post-natal organs and tissues. J Cell Sci. 2006 Jun 1;119(Pt 11):2204-13. doi: 10.1242/jcs.02932. Epub 2006 May 9&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Nombela-Arrieta C, Ritz J, Silberstein LE. The elusive nature and function of mesenchymal stem cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2011 Feb;12(2):126-31. doi: 10.1038/nrm3049&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Tissue-Specific Progenitor Cells: Their Role in Tissue Homeostasis. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:4285215. doi: 10.1155/2016/4285215. Epub 2015 Dec 28&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Types of somatic stem cells=&lt;br /&gt;
Mesenchymal, hematopoietic, neural, or epithelial stem cells are most commonly used.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Epithelial stem cells''' are found e.g. in the small intestine, where they reside in crypts, migrate to villi and differentiate into enterocytes, goblet cells and enteroendocrine cells. &lt;br /&gt;
*'''Hematopoietic stem cells''' are most abundant in the bone marrow, but also present in umbilical cord blood, and in  a smaller degree peripheral blood. They give rise to all types of blood and immune cells, and have been used successfully in transplantation procedures.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Neural stem cells''' (NSC) reside in two main neurogenic niches of the adult mammalian brain: in the subventricular zone of lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. They differentiate into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, although not all cells of the NSC population are capable of differentiation into all three types. They are considered for regenerative therapy of neurodegenerative diseases, although their primary function is contribute to brain plasticity, learning and memory rather than damage repair. Moreover, therapeutic use of NSCs is challenging as it requires either intracerebral or xenotransplantation, or otherwise is restricted to stimulation of existing cells; there are also concerns about the integration of transplanted NSCs with surrounding tissue, and the effects of such a procedure on brain function.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Mesenchymal stem cells''' (MSC) are the most commonly used somatic stem cells, due to their high proliferation ability, multipotent differentiation potential (although they tend to favourably differentiate into the types of cells found in the tissue source), and immunomodulatory capacity. Originally characterised in bone marrow, MSCs were subsequently found in most vascularized tissues.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Sources of mesenchymal stem cells=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Bone marrow''': abundant in MSCs capable of differentiation into many cell types, including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, hepatocytes etc. Bone marrow MSCs have been proven effective for therapeutic uses, even though their differentiation potential depends on donor characteristics such as age; however, the collection of those cells is one of the most invasive procedures of obtaining MSCs.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Adipose tissue''': rich in MSCs that are highly proliferative, easily obtainable through liposuction, and capable of differentiating into cells of adipogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic and myogenic lineages.&lt;br /&gt;
* '''Skeletal muscle''': distinct from the exclusively myogenic satellite cells, muscle-derived MSCs are capable of differentiation into cells of osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages , however, they are primarily used to repair skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue. They are characterised by high self-renewal properties, and can be obtained by biopsy from any muscle of the body. &lt;br /&gt;
*'''Skin''': a source of highly proliferative cells, used especially for dermis reconstitution, e.g. in treatment of burns, but also capable of differentiation into myo-, adipo-, osteo- and chondrocytes, as well as neural and pancreatic cells. MSCs can be also isolated from hair follicles, which is probably the most easy and non-invasive way of obtaining stem cells; hair follicle MSCs can undergo adipogenesis and osteogenesis. &lt;br /&gt;
*'''Dental pulp''': an easily accessible source of MSCs, as dental surgeries are common procedures. Dental pulp MSCs are usually used for bone and neural regeneration; their chondrogenic differentiation capacity is limited compared to other types of MSCs. They might also exhibit decreased proliferation over time.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Placenta''': abundant in MSCs characterised by high proliferation rates and strong immunosuppressive effects, capable of differentiation into e.g. hepatocytes or pancreatic cells.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Amniotic fluid''': MSCs sourced from amniotic fluid are mainly used alongside surgery as autologous material to aid organ repair in treatment of congenital birth anomalies such as spina bifida, diaphragmatic hernia or cardiac defects. Amniotic fluid is accessible by needle aspiration, and only small quantities are necessary to establish a cell culture, as they tend to proliferate rapidly.&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Peripheral blood''': although easily obtained, peripheral blood is not abundant in MSCs. Their adipogenic potential is higher than that of bone marrow-derived MSCs, but the capacity to differentiate into cells of other lineages is relatively inferior.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Bibliography=&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Translations:Somatyczne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/1/en&amp;diff=1100</id>
		<title>Translations:Somatyczne komórki macierzyste/1/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Translations:Somatyczne_kom%C3%B3rki_macierzyste/1/en&amp;diff=1100"/>
		<updated>2021-05-19T13:47:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;=Definition=&lt;br /&gt;
Somatic stem cells are undifferentiated cells that reside in many tissues of the adult body, where they play an important role in maintaining [[homeostaza/en|homeostasis]]and damaged tissues repair. They have a capacity for self-renewal and differentiation. Populations of somatic stem cells residing in a specific microenvironment of their cellular niche, are heterogenous and dynamic, and consisting of both active and quiescent cells. Somatic stem cells are an attractive tool for regenerative medicine, as compared to some types of immortalized or induced pluripotent cell lines, they do not carry a risk of tumor formation, do not come from embryos, and show low immunogenicity even in allogeneic systems &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;da Silva Meirelles L, Chagastelles PC, Nardi NB. Mesenchymal stem cells reside in virtually all post-natal organs and tissues. J Cell Sci. 2006 Jun 1;119(Pt 11):2204-13. doi: 10.1242/jcs.02932. Epub 2006 May 9&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Nombela-Arrieta C, Ritz J, Silberstein LE. The elusive nature and function of mesenchymal stem cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2011 Feb;12(2):126-31. doi: 10.1038/nrm3049&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Klimczak A, Kozlowska U. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Tissue-Specific Progenitor Cells: Their Role in Tissue Homeostasis. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:4285215. doi: 10.1155/2016/4285215. Epub 2015 Dec 28&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=R%C3%B3%C5%BCnicowanie/en&amp;diff=1099</id>
		<title>Różnicowanie/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=R%C3%B3%C5%BCnicowanie/en&amp;diff=1099"/>
		<updated>2021-05-19T13:41:19Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;languages/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=Definition=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Differentiation is the process of gradual transformation of a stem cell into a tissue-specialized cell. The phenomenon of differentiation occurs most intensively during embryonic development. During the development of a multicellular organism, differentiation occurs repeatedly as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex arrangement of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and form fully differentiated descendant cells essential during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. The process of differentiation takes place through the extracellular signal, which triggers the signaling cascade inside the cell, leading to the suppression of multipotency genes and activation of genes in which the proteins necessary for structural and functional specialization of the target cell are present. Depending on the direction of the cell differentiates, this process is initiated by defined genetic factors and controlled at many stages of differentiation by regulatory proteins. The differentiation process is usually irreversible, although there are exceptions to this rule.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It has been observed [[mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste/en|mesenchymal stem cells]] (MSCs) have the ability to differentiate into many types of connective tissue, including: bone tissue ([[osteogeneza/en|osteogenesis]]), cartilage ([[chondrogeneza/en|chondrogenesis]]), adipose tissue ([[adipogeneza/en|adipogenesis]]), skeletal muscle tissue (myogenesis), heart muscle (cardiomiogenesis), tendons, ligaments, as well as in ''[[in vitro|in vitro]]'' tests for nerve tissue cells.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Vazin T, Freed WJ. Human embryonic stem cells: derivation, culture, and differentiation: a review. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2010;28(4):589-603. doi: 10.3233/RNN-2010-0543&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kang MI, Kim HS, Jung YC, Kim YH, Hong SJ, Kim MK, Baek KH, Kim CC, Rhyu MG. Transitional CpG methylation between promoters and retroelements of tissue-specific genes during human mesenchymal cell differentiation. J Cell Biochem. 2007 Sep 1;102(1):224-39. doi: 10.1002/jcb.21291&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gromolak S, Krawczenko A, Antończyk A, Buczak K, Kiełbowicz Z, Klimczak A. Biological Characteristics and Osteogenic Differentiation of Ovine Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Stimulated with FGF-2 and BMP-2. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Dec 20;21(24):9726. doi: 10.3390/ijms21249726&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Hung BP, Hutton DL, Kozielski KL, Bishop CJ, Naved B, Green JJ, Caplan AI, Gimble JM, Dorafshar AH, Grayson WL. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor BB Enhances Osteogenesis of Adipose-Derived But Not Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells. Stem Cells. 2015 Sep;33(9):2773-84. doi: 10.1002/stem.2060. Epub 2015 Jun 26&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ambele MA, Dhanraj P, Giles R, Pepper MS. Adipogenesis: A Complex Interplay of Multiple Molecular Determinants and Pathways. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jun 16;21(12):4283. doi: 10.3390/ijms21124283&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Voskamp C, Koevoet WJLM, Somoza RA, Caplan AI, Lefebvre V, van Osch GJVM, Narcisi R. Enhanced Chondrogenic Capacity of Mesenchymal Stem Cells After TNFα Pre-treatment. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020 Jun 30;8:658. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00658&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Sorrell JM, Somoza RA, Caplan AI. Human mesenchymal stem cells induced to differentiate as chondrocytes follow a biphasic pattern of extracellular matrix production. J Orthop Res. 2018 Jun;36(6):1757-1766. doi: 10.1002/jor.23820. Epub 2017 Dec 22&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Bibliography=&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Translations:R%C3%B3%C5%BCnicowanie/3/en&amp;diff=1098</id>
		<title>Translations:Różnicowanie/3/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Translations:R%C3%B3%C5%BCnicowanie/3/en&amp;diff=1098"/>
		<updated>2021-05-19T13:41:19Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;It has been observed [[mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste/en|mesenchymal stem cells]] (MSCs) have the ability to differentiate into many types of connective tissue, including: bone tissue ([[osteogeneza/en|osteogenesis]]), cartilage ([[chondrogeneza/en|chondrogenesis]]), adipose tissue ([[adipogeneza/en|adipogenesis]]), skeletal muscle tissue (myogenesis), heart muscle (cardiomiogenesis), tendons, ligaments, as well as in ''[[in vitro|in vitro]]'' tests for nerve tissue cells.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Vazin T, Freed WJ. Human embryonic stem cells: derivation, culture, and differentiation: a review. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2010;28(4):589-603. doi: 10.3233/RNN-2010-0543&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kang MI, Kim HS, Jung YC, Kim YH, Hong SJ, Kim MK, Baek KH, Kim CC, Rhyu MG. Transitional CpG methylation between promoters and retroelements of tissue-specific genes during human mesenchymal cell differentiation. J Cell Biochem. 2007 Sep 1;102(1):224-39. doi: 10.1002/jcb.21291&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gromolak S, Krawczenko A, Antończyk A, Buczak K, Kiełbowicz Z, Klimczak A. Biological Characteristics and Osteogenic Differentiation of Ovine Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Stimulated with FGF-2 and BMP-2. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Dec 20;21(24):9726. doi: 10.3390/ijms21249726&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Hung BP, Hutton DL, Kozielski KL, Bishop CJ, Naved B, Green JJ, Caplan AI, Gimble JM, Dorafshar AH, Grayson WL. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor BB Enhances Osteogenesis of Adipose-Derived But Not Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells. Stem Cells. 2015 Sep;33(9):2773-84. doi: 10.1002/stem.2060. Epub 2015 Jun 26&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ambele MA, Dhanraj P, Giles R, Pepper MS. Adipogenesis: A Complex Interplay of Multiple Molecular Determinants and Pathways. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jun 16;21(12):4283. doi: 10.3390/ijms21124283&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Voskamp C, Koevoet WJLM, Somoza RA, Caplan AI, Lefebvre V, van Osch GJVM, Narcisi R. Enhanced Chondrogenic Capacity of Mesenchymal Stem Cells After TNFα Pre-treatment. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020 Jun 30;8:658. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00658&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Sorrell JM, Somoza RA, Caplan AI. Human mesenchymal stem cells induced to differentiate as chondrocytes follow a biphasic pattern of extracellular matrix production. J Orthop Res. 2018 Jun;36(6):1757-1766. doi: 10.1002/jor.23820. Epub 2017 Dec 22&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=R%C3%B3%C5%BCnicowanie/en&amp;diff=1097</id>
		<title>Różnicowanie/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=R%C3%B3%C5%BCnicowanie/en&amp;diff=1097"/>
		<updated>2021-05-19T13:40:11Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;languages/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=Definition=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Differentiation is the process of gradual transformation of a stem cell into a tissue-specialized cell. The phenomenon of differentiation occurs most intensively during embryonic development. During the development of a multicellular organism, differentiation occurs repeatedly as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex arrangement of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and form fully differentiated descendant cells essential during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. The process of differentiation takes place through the extracellular signal, which triggers the signaling cascade inside the cell, leading to the suppression of multipotency genes and activation of genes in which the proteins necessary for structural and functional specialization of the target cell are present. Depending on the direction of the cell differentiates, this process is initiated by defined genetic factors and controlled at many stages of differentiation by regulatory proteins. The differentiation process is usually irreversible, although there are exceptions to this rule.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It has been observed [[mezenchymalne komórki maxcierzyste/en|mesenchymal stem cells]] (MSCs) have the ability to differentiate into many types of connective tissue, including: bone tissue ([[osteogeneza/en|osteogenesis]]), cartilage ([[chondrogeneza/en|chondrogenesis]]), adipose tissue ([[adipogeneza/en|adipogenesis]]), skeletal muscle tissue (myogenesis), heart muscle (cardiomiogenesis), tendons, ligaments, as well as in ''[[in vitro|in vitro]]'' tests for nerve tissue cells.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Vazin T, Freed WJ. Human embryonic stem cells: derivation, culture, and differentiation: a review. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2010;28(4):589-603. doi: 10.3233/RNN-2010-0543&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kang MI, Kim HS, Jung YC, Kim YH, Hong SJ, Kim MK, Baek KH, Kim CC, Rhyu MG. Transitional CpG methylation between promoters and retroelements of tissue-specific genes during human mesenchymal cell differentiation. J Cell Biochem. 2007 Sep 1;102(1):224-39. doi: 10.1002/jcb.21291&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gromolak S, Krawczenko A, Antończyk A, Buczak K, Kiełbowicz Z, Klimczak A. Biological Characteristics and Osteogenic Differentiation of Ovine Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Stimulated with FGF-2 and BMP-2. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Dec 20;21(24):9726. doi: 10.3390/ijms21249726&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Hung BP, Hutton DL, Kozielski KL, Bishop CJ, Naved B, Green JJ, Caplan AI, Gimble JM, Dorafshar AH, Grayson WL. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor BB Enhances Osteogenesis of Adipose-Derived But Not Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells. Stem Cells. 2015 Sep;33(9):2773-84. doi: 10.1002/stem.2060. Epub 2015 Jun 26&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ambele MA, Dhanraj P, Giles R, Pepper MS. Adipogenesis: A Complex Interplay of Multiple Molecular Determinants and Pathways. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jun 16;21(12):4283. doi: 10.3390/ijms21124283&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Voskamp C, Koevoet WJLM, Somoza RA, Caplan AI, Lefebvre V, van Osch GJVM, Narcisi R. Enhanced Chondrogenic Capacity of Mesenchymal Stem Cells After TNFα Pre-treatment. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020 Jun 30;8:658. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00658&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Sorrell JM, Somoza RA, Caplan AI. Human mesenchymal stem cells induced to differentiate as chondrocytes follow a biphasic pattern of extracellular matrix production. J Orthop Res. 2018 Jun;36(6):1757-1766. doi: 10.1002/jor.23820. Epub 2017 Dec 22&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Bibliography=&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Translations:R%C3%B3%C5%BCnicowanie/3/en&amp;diff=1096</id>
		<title>Translations:Różnicowanie/3/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Translations:R%C3%B3%C5%BCnicowanie/3/en&amp;diff=1096"/>
		<updated>2021-05-19T13:40:10Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;It has been observed [[mezenchymalne komórki maxcierzyste/en|mesenchymal stem cells]] (MSCs) have the ability to differentiate into many types of connective tissue, including: bone tissue ([[osteogeneza/en|osteogenesis]]), cartilage ([[chondrogeneza/en|chondrogenesis]]), adipose tissue ([[adipogeneza/en|adipogenesis]]), skeletal muscle tissue (myogenesis), heart muscle (cardiomiogenesis), tendons, ligaments, as well as in ''[[in vitro|in vitro]]'' tests for nerve tissue cells.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Vazin T, Freed WJ. Human embryonic stem cells: derivation, culture, and differentiation: a review. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2010;28(4):589-603. doi: 10.3233/RNN-2010-0543&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kang MI, Kim HS, Jung YC, Kim YH, Hong SJ, Kim MK, Baek KH, Kim CC, Rhyu MG. Transitional CpG methylation between promoters and retroelements of tissue-specific genes during human mesenchymal cell differentiation. J Cell Biochem. 2007 Sep 1;102(1):224-39. doi: 10.1002/jcb.21291&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gromolak S, Krawczenko A, Antończyk A, Buczak K, Kiełbowicz Z, Klimczak A. Biological Characteristics and Osteogenic Differentiation of Ovine Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Stimulated with FGF-2 and BMP-2. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Dec 20;21(24):9726. doi: 10.3390/ijms21249726&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Hung BP, Hutton DL, Kozielski KL, Bishop CJ, Naved B, Green JJ, Caplan AI, Gimble JM, Dorafshar AH, Grayson WL. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor BB Enhances Osteogenesis of Adipose-Derived But Not Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells. Stem Cells. 2015 Sep;33(9):2773-84. doi: 10.1002/stem.2060. Epub 2015 Jun 26&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ambele MA, Dhanraj P, Giles R, Pepper MS. Adipogenesis: A Complex Interplay of Multiple Molecular Determinants and Pathways. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jun 16;21(12):4283. doi: 10.3390/ijms21124283&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Voskamp C, Koevoet WJLM, Somoza RA, Caplan AI, Lefebvre V, van Osch GJVM, Narcisi R. Enhanced Chondrogenic Capacity of Mesenchymal Stem Cells After TNFα Pre-treatment. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020 Jun 30;8:658. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00658&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Sorrell JM, Somoza RA, Caplan AI. Human mesenchymal stem cells induced to differentiate as chondrocytes follow a biphasic pattern of extracellular matrix production. J Orthop Res. 2018 Jun;36(6):1757-1766. doi: 10.1002/jor.23820. Epub 2017 Dec 22&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=R%C3%B3%C5%BCnicowanie&amp;diff=1095</id>
		<title>Różnicowanie</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=R%C3%B3%C5%BCnicowanie&amp;diff=1095"/>
		<updated>2021-05-19T13:38:10Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;languages/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;translate&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Definicja= &amp;lt;!--T:2--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Różnicowaniem nazywamy proces stopniowej przemiany komórki macierzystej w tkankowo wyspecjalizowaną komórkę. Zjawisko różnicowania najintensywniej zachodzi podczas rozwoju zarodkowego. Podczas rozwoju organizmu wielokomórkowego różnicowanie jest procesem wielokrotnym, ponieważ powstający organizm zmienia się z prostej zygoty w złożony układ tkanek i wielu rodzajów komórek. Różnicowanie trwa nadal w wieku dorosłym, gdy dorosłe komórki macierzyste dzielą się i tworzą w pełni zróżnicowane komórki potomne niezbędne podczas naprawy tkanek i podczas normalnej wymiany komórek w narządzie. Proces różnicowania odbywa się za sprawą sygnału zewnątrzkomórkowego, który uruchamia kaskadę sygnałową wewnątrz komórki, prowadzącą do supresji genów multipotencji i aktywacji genów, w których zapisane są białka niezbędne do uzyskania specjalizacji strukturalnej i funkcjonalnej komórki docelowej. Proces ten zależnie od kierunku, w którym różnicuje się komórka, zapoczątkowany jest przez zdefiniowane czynniki genetyczne i kontrolowany na wielu etapach przez białka regulatorowe. Proces różnicowania zazwyczaj jest nieodwracalny, chociaż istnieją wyjątki od tej reguły.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!--T:3--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
W kontekście [[mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste |mezenchymalnych komórek macierzystych]] (MSC) zaobserwowano, że komórki mają zdolność do różnicowania się w kierunku szeregu rodzajów tkanki łącznej m.in. w stronę tkanki kostnej ([[Osteogeneza|osteogeneza]]), tkanki chrzęstnej ([[Chondrogeneza|chondrogeneza]]), tkanki tłuszczowej ([[Adipogeneza|adipogeneza]]), tkanki mięśnia szkieletowego (miogeneza), mięśnia sercowego (kardiomiogeneza) ścięgien, więzadeł, a także ''[[in vitro|in vitro]]'' w kierunku komórek tkanki nerwowej &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Vazin T, Freed WJ. Human embryonic stem cells: derivation, culture, and differentiation: a review. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2010;28(4):589-603. doi: 10.3233/RNN-2010-0543&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kang MI, Kim HS, Jung YC, Kim YH, Hong SJ, Kim MK, Baek KH, Kim CC, Rhyu MG. Transitional CpG methylation between promoters and retroelements of tissue-specific genes during human mesenchymal cell differentiation. J Cell Biochem. 2007 Sep 1;102(1):224-39. doi: 10.1002/jcb.21291&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gromolak S, Krawczenko A, Antończyk A, Buczak K, Kiełbowicz Z, Klimczak A. Biological Characteristics and Osteogenic Differentiation of Ovine Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Stimulated with FGF-2 and BMP-2. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Dec 20;21(24):9726. doi: 10.3390/ijms21249726&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Hung BP, Hutton DL, Kozielski KL, Bishop CJ, Naved B, Green JJ, Caplan AI, Gimble JM, Dorafshar AH, Grayson WL. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor BB Enhances Osteogenesis of Adipose-Derived But Not Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells. Stem Cells. 2015 Sep;33(9):2773-84. doi: 10.1002/stem.2060. Epub 2015 Jun 26&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ambele MA, Dhanraj P, Giles R, Pepper MS. Adipogenesis: A Complex Interplay of Multiple Molecular Determinants and Pathways. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jun 16;21(12):4283. doi: 10.3390/ijms21124283&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Voskamp C, Koevoet WJLM, Somoza RA, Caplan AI, Lefebvre V, van Osch GJVM, Narcisi R. Enhanced Chondrogenic Capacity of Mesenchymal Stem Cells After TNFα Pre-treatment. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020 Jun 30;8:658. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00658&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Sorrell JM, Somoza RA, Caplan AI. Human mesenchymal stem cells induced to differentiate as chondrocytes follow a biphasic pattern of extracellular matrix production. J Orthop Res. 2018 Jun;36(6):1757-1766. doi: 10.1002/jor.23820. Epub 2017 Dec 22&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Bibliografia= &amp;lt;!--T:4--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/translate&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=R%C3%B3%C5%BCnicowanie&amp;diff=1094</id>
		<title>Różnicowanie</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=R%C3%B3%C5%BCnicowanie&amp;diff=1094"/>
		<updated>2021-05-19T13:37:55Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;languages/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;translate&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Definicja= &amp;lt;!--T:2--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Różnicowaniem nazywamy proces stopniowej przemiany komórki macierzystej w tkankowo wyspecjalizowaną komórkę. Zjawisko różnicowania najintensywniej zachodzi podczas rozwoju zarodkowego. Podczas rozwoju organizmu wielokomórkowego różnicowanie jest procesem wielokrotnym, ponieważ powstający organizm zmienia się z prostej zygoty w złożony układ tkanek i wielu rodzajów komórek. Różnicowanie trwa nadal w wieku dorosłym, gdy dorosłe komórki macierzyste dzielą się i tworzą w pełni zróżnicowane komórki potomne niezbędne podczas naprawy tkanek i podczas normalnej wymiany komórek w narządzie. Proces różnicowania odbywa się za sprawą sygnału zewnątrzkomórkowego, który uruchamia kaskadę sygnałową wewnątrz komórki, prowadzącą do supresji genów multipotencji i aktywacji genów, w których zapisane są białka niezbędne do uzyskania specjalizacji strukturalnej i funkcjonalnej komórki docelowej. Proces ten zależnie od kierunku, w którym różnicuje się komórka, zapoczątkowany jest przez zdefiniowane czynniki genetyczne i kontrolowany na wielu etapach przez białka regulatorowe. Proces różnicowania zazwyczaj jest nieodwracalny, chociaż istnieją wyjątki od tej reguły.&lt;br /&gt;
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W kontekście [[mezenchymalne komórki macierzyste |mezenchymalnych komórek macierzystych]](MSC) zaobserwowano, że komórki mają zdolność do różnicowania się w kierunku szeregu rodzajów tkanki łącznej m.in. w stronę tkanki kostnej ([[Osteogeneza|osteogeneza]]), tkanki chrzęstnej ([[Chondrogeneza|chondrogeneza]]), tkanki tłuszczowej ([[Adipogeneza|adipogeneza]]), tkanki mięśnia szkieletowego (miogeneza), mięśnia sercowego (kardiomiogeneza) ścięgien, więzadeł, a także ''[[in vitro|in vitro]]'' w kierunku komórek tkanki nerwowej &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Vazin T, Freed WJ. Human embryonic stem cells: derivation, culture, and differentiation: a review. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2010;28(4):589-603. doi: 10.3233/RNN-2010-0543&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kang MI, Kim HS, Jung YC, Kim YH, Hong SJ, Kim MK, Baek KH, Kim CC, Rhyu MG. Transitional CpG methylation between promoters and retroelements of tissue-specific genes during human mesenchymal cell differentiation. J Cell Biochem. 2007 Sep 1;102(1):224-39. doi: 10.1002/jcb.21291&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gromolak S, Krawczenko A, Antończyk A, Buczak K, Kiełbowicz Z, Klimczak A. Biological Characteristics and Osteogenic Differentiation of Ovine Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Stimulated with FGF-2 and BMP-2. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Dec 20;21(24):9726. doi: 10.3390/ijms21249726&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Hung BP, Hutton DL, Kozielski KL, Bishop CJ, Naved B, Green JJ, Caplan AI, Gimble JM, Dorafshar AH, Grayson WL. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor BB Enhances Osteogenesis of Adipose-Derived But Not Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells. Stem Cells. 2015 Sep;33(9):2773-84. doi: 10.1002/stem.2060. Epub 2015 Jun 26&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ambele MA, Dhanraj P, Giles R, Pepper MS. Adipogenesis: A Complex Interplay of Multiple Molecular Determinants and Pathways. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jun 16;21(12):4283. doi: 10.3390/ijms21124283&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Voskamp C, Koevoet WJLM, Somoza RA, Caplan AI, Lefebvre V, van Osch GJVM, Narcisi R. Enhanced Chondrogenic Capacity of Mesenchymal Stem Cells After TNFα Pre-treatment. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020 Jun 30;8:658. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00658&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Sorrell JM, Somoza RA, Caplan AI. Human mesenchymal stem cells induced to differentiate as chondrocytes follow a biphasic pattern of extracellular matrix production. J Orthop Res. 2018 Jun;36(6):1757-1766. doi: 10.1002/jor.23820. Epub 2017 Dec 22&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
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=Bibliografia= &amp;lt;!--T:4--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Linia_kom%C3%B3rkowa/en&amp;diff=1093</id>
		<title>Linia komórkowa/en</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://192.168.110.77:8081/index.php?title=Linia_kom%C3%B3rkowa/en&amp;diff=1093"/>
		<updated>2021-05-19T13:24:45Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Agnieszka Szyposzyńska: &lt;/p&gt;
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=Definition=&lt;br /&gt;
A cell line is a population of cells derived from a few cells of a multicellular organism, generated ''in vitro'' from primary culture after the first passage.  The cell line contains genetic information identical to the organism from which it was derived. Cell lines derived from normal (non-cancerous) cells and tissues have a limited ability for division and can be maintained in culture for a limited time. The number of passages of cell line depends on the type of tissue and age of the organism from which the cell line was derived, and the limited number of cell divisions reflects ''in vivo'' aging of cells. Cell lines derived from stem cells (embryonic, adult or induced) or immortalised cells, avoid cellular senescence caused by a mutation, and live longer. Compared to animal models, cell lines are cheaper and easier to maintain, able to provide more reproducible results, and usually (with the exception of embryonic cells) are not burdened with ethical controversy, which makes them an attractive material for biological and medical research. However, it is necessary to remember that cell lines derived from a small number of cells are susceptible to genetic changes over the time of extended culture and number of passages, cell lines may not always adequately represent the properties of the primary cell populations. &lt;br /&gt;
Cell lines with an unlimited life-span and the ability to divide indefinitely can be derived from cancerous tumors.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Stokłosowa S.: Hodowla komórek i tkanek. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2004.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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= Stem cell lines=&lt;br /&gt;
Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are pluripotent (capable of differentiating into all cell types existing in the body). They are typically isolated from the inner cell mass of a pre-implantation embryo (blastocyst stage), which raises ethical concerns and has prompted researchers to turn to other sources of stem cells, such as somatic stem cells which naturally exists in the adult body.&lt;br /&gt;
Somatic cells are both multipotent cells (e.g. hematopoietic cells or mesenchymal stem cells) and unipotent cells (e.g. skeletal muscle satellite cells). The isolation of somatic stem cells is well documented, many of them have been used to generate cell lines for research on a new cellular  therapies in regenerative medicine.&lt;br /&gt;
In search of new research opportunities for stem cells, adult specialized somatic cells were &amp;quot;reprogrammed&amp;quot; into induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines capable of producing any type of cells. The induction of somatic cells to revert to a pluripotent stem cell state was achieved by the introduction of four factors: the Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4 genes. Apart from eliminating the ethical concerns arising from the use of ESCs, another advantage of lines derived from somatic cells is that in potential therapeutic purposes, e.g. in regenerative medicine or [[inżynieria tkankowa/en|tissue engineering]], they can be derived from the patient, making them an easily obtainable and physiologically compatible with the recipient's organism that enables their potential use in personalized cell therapy.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell. 2006 Aug 25;126(4):663-76. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.024.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kim JS, Choi HW, Choi S, Do JT. Reprogrammed pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells. Int J Stem Cells. 2011 Jun;4(1):1-8. doi: 10.15283/ijsc.2011.4.1.1.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Danisovic L, Culenova M, Csobonyeiova M. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Modeling and Therapy. Cells. 2018 Dec 7;7(12):253. doi: 10.3390/cells7120253.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Zahumenska R, Nosal V, Smolar M, Okajcekova T, Skovierova H, Strnadel J, Halasova E. Induced Pluripotency: A Powerful Tool for In Vitro Modeling. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Nov 24;21(23):8910. doi: 10.3390/ijms21238910.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Seminary ER, Santarriaga S, Wheeler L, Mejaki M, Abrudan J, Demos W, Zimmermann MT, Urrutia RA, Fee D, Barkhaus PE, Ebert AD. Motor Neuron Generation from iPSCs from Identical Twins Discordant for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Cells. 2020 Feb 28;9(3):571. doi: 10.3390/cells9030571.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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=Immortalised cell lines=&lt;br /&gt;
The mutations that cause the cell immortalisation can occur naturally – such is in the case of cell lines derived from cancers, e.g. in the first human cell line, HeLa,  or can be induced under laboratory conditions by chemical or oncogene mediated transformation. In the latter case, this is achieved by overexpressing telomerase and TERT, inactivating cell cycle checkpoints p53 and pRb, or introducing oncogenes or viral vectors encoding oncoproteins, which also interfere with cell cycle regulators. There is, however, a  risk of undesired carcinogenic effects when using immortalised cells.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Paprocka M, Krawczenko A, Dus D, Kantor A, Carreau A, Grillon C, Kieda C. CD133 positive progenitor endothelial cell lines from human cord blood. Cytometry A. 2011 Aug;79(8):594-602. doi: 10.1002/cyto.a.21092. Epub 2011 Jun 27.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katsumiti A, Ruenraroengsak P, Cajaraville MP, Thorley AJ, Tetley TD. Immortalisation of primary human alveolar epithelial lung cells using a non-viral vector to study respiratory bioreactivity in vitro. Sci Rep. 2020 Nov 24;10(1):20486. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77191-y.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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=Bibliography=&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Agnieszka Szyposzyńska</name></author>
	</entry>
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